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[File] Digital and employment: what skills do employees have yesterday, today and tomorrow?

At the end of October, the open public data platform data.gouv.fr had more than 39,000 datasets and 206,344 resources made available by more than 2,379 organizations. They gave rise to 1,938 reuses. For the past two years, use of the data.gouv.fr platform has been steadily increasing, reaching 612,866 visits in October 2019 alone, representing 4,829,616 page views (including 3,589,180 unique page views) and 226,018 downloads (including 176,658 unique downloads).In two years, the number of active contributors has risen from 23,000 to 44,700 (an increase of 62%).Monthly visits increased by 140% over the same period.Land data tops the list of most viewed datasets The DVF database (requests for property values) produced by the Direction générale des finances publiques (DGFiP) is now available in open data. It contains all the information - price or description of property, etc.. - It contains all the information - price or description of the property, etc. - declared at the time of real estate transfers for valuable consideration (sales or auctions in particular). It allows everyone to know the real prices of transactions and specialized operators to offer tools to evaluate a property to buy or sell. This database gives access to the sale price and the date of transaction (of a built or unbuilt property), to the description of the property (number of rooms, surface area, lot number, etc.) and the geolocation. The DVF database is the most viewed dataset on Data.gouv.fr, ahead of the National Directory of Associations (Ministry of the Interior) and the Sirene database of companies and establishments (Insee).

• Inclusion

Published on 27/09/22



"Jobs 2030: Strong growth in the digital services sector

With " Jobs in 2030 ", France Stratégie and Dares (Direction de l'animation de la recherche, des études et des statistiques du Ministère du travail et de l'emploi) draw up a numerical panorama of the outlook for occupations by 2030.This foresight exercise attempts to answer three sets of questions: The authors of "Professions in 2030" rely on a macroeconomic reference scenario derived from sectoral modeling of the economy. Following the health crisis, they also integrate a persistent use of telework.How many jobs will be created in the various trades?What will be the recruitment needs of companies, taking into account the number of people leaving the company at the end of their careers?What potential imbalances can be anticipated if, for each occupation, nothing is done to correct the gap between employers' recruitment needs and the flow of young people leaving initial training?In total, in the reference scenario, 1 million jobs would be created between 2019 and 2030.The authors successively address the impact of this scenario (and its various variants) on job creation by sector of activity, by occupation, the dynamics of recruitment needs and potential imbalances.In terms of net job creation, the authors of "Professions in 2030" anticipate the creation of 115,000 IT engineering jobs in 2030, i.e. +26% compared to 2019.Strong growth in the digital services sectorAccording to these projections, the service sectors will account for most of the growth in employment by 2030. " This weight of services reflects the important place in employment of business services on the one hand, and of collective utility services supported by the socialization of education, health and social action expenditures on the other.Two sectors, outsourced business services (consulting, legal, accounting, scientific and technical activities, research and development, security, labor supply, etc.) and digital services (IT activities, telecommunications, audiovisual) " would be the most job-creating sectors in the projection, with 600,000 additional jobs between 2019 and 2030 in the reference scenario. Dependent on the dynamics of companies that outsource cross-functional support functions to them, these sectors also benefit from the ongoing adaptation of organizations and production processes to technological changes, the energy transition and societal or regulatory changes.The digitization of other sectors of activity contributes to stabilizing the creation of jobs or even reducing their number.In the construction sector, " the development of digital design/renovation (or BIM for Building Information Modeling) and the manufacture of certain components in factories (the so-called "dry" process) are reducing the duration of construction sites and making successive interventions on a construction project more efficient. Employment - mostly low-skilled - should therefore grow substantially, but at a slower rate than activity."With the rise of e-commerce, the automation of sales processes (checkouts, inventory management, even after-sales service via chatbots) and the concentration of retailers, logistics platforms and central purchasing offices," the retail sector would see its employment stabilize.Employment is expected to continue to decline in low-tech industries (with low R&D intensity), which face strong competition from emerging countries. "Industrial maintenance - which is more protected from international competition - is likely to face major productivity gains linked to the spread of digital innovations. Computer-assisted predictive maintenance, which can prevent breakdowns and optimize the life of equipment, requires fewer interventions: 30,000 jobs would be lost in these activities in the coming decade."Faced with a strong risk of automation of its processes (robots in warehouses, possible development of autonomous cars)", the transport-warehousing sector (logistics) would see its number of jobs decrease in projection " contrary to what we have observed until now".The banking and insurance sector would record substantial job cuts for the first time in twenty years (-12% from 2019 to 2030). " The digitization of services and their uses (online consultation and subscription) should lead to an acceleration of branch closures. Continued investments in this sector, particularly in the cloud but also in more specific technologies such as artificial intelligence, would be likely to accelerate productivity gains and therefore amplify job losses. They could indeed make the management of banking and insurance services more efficient and automate the production processes of certain services (pricing, trading, account and transaction verification), with the corollary of job cuts at all levels of qualification (customer advisors, back-office, audit, legal services).In addition, "competition from financial and digital technology players - including the GAFAs for payment methods - and the increase in management costs, even though profitability has been severely affected by low interest rates, should lead to more mergers, resulting in restructuring that is unfavorable to employment.Job creation that would mainly benefit higher education graduatesJob creation is generally favorable to higher education graduates, who would represent nearly one job out of two in 2030, i.e. 47% of the total, compared to 43% today. " Between 2019 and 2030, 1.8 million jobs held by higher education graduates would be created, while jobs held by the least qualified - those who have not passed the baccalaureate - would decrease by nearly 800,000.This evolution, accentuated by digital penetration, favors a rise in skills that accompanies the increase in the level of education of the workforce. In the trade sector, for example, between 2019 and 2030, nearly 280,000 jobs held by higher education graduates will replace those held by lesser graduates.Computer engineers in strong growth"The 2019-2030 period is expected to be marked by the continuation, at a slower pace, of the decline in employment in agricultural occupations, a recovery in employment in industrial occupations, and continued growth in trade, construction, and service occupations, particularly health and personal services, while civil service administrative jobs and secretarial jobs would continue to decline."The most qualified professions in business services will experience strong growth. "This is particularly true of IT engineers and research and development staff, who are involved in technological change and have already created a lot of jobs in the last decade.Their progression results not only from the dynamics of these sectors and the overall performance of the economy " but also from a specific demand for these professionals, in the context of a digital transformation, accentuated by the intensification of telecommuting: collaborative communication, virtualization.In the legal profession, " digitization should rather be complementary to employment: digital tools reinforce the efficiency of their action (selection of the best legal decisions) more than they replace their activities, where human intervention (through pleading) and interpersonal relationship (with clients) remain decisive".Employment in industrial occupations is projected to grow by about 45,000 additional positions by 2030. "This growth in employment in industrial occupations would reverse the downward trend of the previous decade (170,000 industrial occupation positions destroyed between 2009 and 2019)."In administrative and support functions, employment is expected to continue to shrink. " This decline in employment reflects two major trends already at work: the continued development of digital technologies and the rationalization of work organization. Employment for banking and insurance professionals is also trending downward, as constraints on the sector's profitability are leading to accelerated changes related to the digital transition."Professions that are recruiting more and more higher education graduatesThe trend towards a higher level of education for the population and the evolution of tasks are accompanied by an increase in the qualification of jobs in the economy. "This increase in the proportion of higher education graduates affects all sectors and trades. For a given profession, the evolution of employment will therefore result in part from this general increase in the level of education.The professions that will create the most jobs for higher education graduates in the next decade already recruit a majority of university graduates: "a trend that should increase in the future.The creation of jobs by higher education graduates would thus be particularly strong among sales and technical sales managers, and administrative, accounting and financial services professions, for both managers and technicians.IT engineers are expected to welcome 115,000 more higher education graduates by 2030, who would then make up 96% of the workforce in the profession.What are the recruitment needs by profession?Among the fifteen occupations with the most vacancies, "Métiers 2030" distinguishes three categories.The first category includes occupations that create few or no jobs, and the positions to be filled are therefore mainly replacements for people leaving at the end of their careers: this is the case for maintenance workers, teachers, vehicle drivers and salespeople.The second category includes occupations where job creation would contribute at least a quarter of the positions to be filled: this is true for administrative, accounting and financial managers, sales and technical sales managers, home care workers, nursing assistants, nurses, midwives, skilled handling workers, doctors and maintenance technicians.The third category is made up of computer engineers and technical engineers and managers in industry. "These occupations are distinguished by their net creation of jobs, which would represent at least half of the positions to be filled. These are relatively young professions that combine a strong dynamism of employment and low departures at the end of their careers (only 46% of positions to be filled).Tension on the recruitment of computer engineers in 2030Between 2019 and 2030, 640,000 young people would enter the workforce each year. The recruitment needs by occupation presented above would be met in part by young people entering the workforce. According to the projections of the Ministry of National Education, between 2019 and 2030, 754,000 young people will finish their studies each year.Among teachers, engineers and technical managers in industry as well as computer engineers, young beginners would fill more than three quarters of the recruitment needs.The vacancies among IT engineers (like engineers and managers in industry) would not be completely filled by the influx of young beginners.The authors of "Métiers 2030" draw up a typology of occupations: "The occupations that can be described as attractive combine lower-than-average departures of older workers with a large number of young beginners. These occupations are attractive to young people and professionals already in the workforce, and are expected to create a lot of new jobs, as they have in the past. This is particularly true of IT engineers.those that can be described as attractive because young people as well as professionals from other professions turn to them;first experience jobs that are a stepping stone to another profession;second career jobs ;trades that are difficult to attract.By 2030, " this trade will have more young people entering the workforce than older workers leaving it. Given the potential imbalance projected in 2030, this trade could see its recruitment difficulties increase.

• Inclusion

Published on 18/03/22



Labour market and skills mapping: a growing demand for digital skills

France Stratégie has just published an analysis note on the mapping of skills by profession. For the first time, France Stratégie has jointly mobilized French data on technical skills from the Pôle emploi's operational directory of occupations (ROME) and survey data on work situations for cross-cutting skills.The result of this work is an unprecedented mapping of skills by occupation. These skills may be widespread in many occupations, or more concentrated in certain occupations.A competence corresponds to " the implementation of disciplinary knowledge, know-how and behaviors (interpersonal skills) that are combined in a work situation. It can be a diploma, a disciplinary training, a professional path or a qualification.Digital skills are given special treatment in this analysis note, since they are included both among the"technical" skills (specific to professional situations) and among the " transversal" skills for all professions. Digital skills are the most sought-after technical skills Professionals mobilize, in the first place, technical skills specific to professional situations, as opposed to skills that are more transversal to all professions, such as teamwork or basic digital skills (use of a computer in its basic functions, office automation, etc.). Some of these technical skills are transferable between professions or sectors of activity.The France Stratégie analysis note highlights four trends: Growth in IT and telecom systems needs, as well as those related to energy efficiency. "The two major ecological and digital transitions are reflected in the estimated evolution of skills." Strong increase in social support and monitoring skills, mobilized by the health care professions (doctors, nurses, care assistants) and social action Progression of sales skills, "which reflect the growing importance of customer relations", and this, "from the design of a marketing strategy for the product or service and its merchandising (highlighting a product) to the final act of selling and the daily tasks that accompany it". Four growing skills are more related to the management of companies and the production of goods and services. Human resources management and business or facility management (including cultural institutions) are two skills that are widespread in many managerial and technical occupations, which manage budgets, develop business strategies and recruit labor. As regards " skills in computer and telecommunications systems (design and operation of information systems; use and configuration of software; network and telecom installation)", the analysis note observes that they are "among the first skills to grow, reflecting the continuing increase in the number of professional and managerial positions. They are, in fact, particularly used by IT and telecommunications professions (engineers and technicians), technical managers (engineers and managers in industry, construction and transport) and administrative, financial and commercial managers, whose employment is constantly increasing. These are the same professions that are the first to have complex digital skills (...) When asked about the digital skills that will become more important for their employees in the future, employers mention first and foremost the maintenance of IT and telecommunication structures as well as IT security and protection. 82% of employees use office automation skills France Stratégie also looked at so-called transversal skills: those skills that are not specific to a profession and that are widely shared.France Stratégie distinguishes three families of transversal competences: Behavioral skills: they allow you to deal with work situations such as contact with the public, the emotional load (difficult or fragile public, conflicts at work), teamwork or work under pressure. Risk management skills Cognitive and digital skills: literacy (reading, writing documents), numeracy (calculation) and computer skills (use of software) Cognitive and digital skills are acquired through initial training or in the workplace (including through continuing education). The degree of mobilization of literacy, numeracy and computer skills thus depends on both the level of the employees' diploma and the professional environment in which they work.Computer use is very heterogeneous across occupations: it is low among blue-collar and low-skilled workers, high among skilled workers, managers and technicians). 56% of IT technicians and engineers require programming skills: 99% of them use office automation skills and 100% report using a desktop or laptop computer. 82% of employees use office skills (email, word processing and spreadsheets). Employed workers have higher digital skills than the average French person. This skill does not necessarily require the use of a computer due to the development of mobile applications. Complex computer skills (programming) are concentrated in a few digital occupations, computer technicians and engineers. " They are still not widely distributed in the rest of the occupations, which may reflect a still moderate adoption of digital technologies in the economy."The mobilization of computer skills (this is also the case for literacy and numeracy skills) thus accompanies the continuous rise in the level of qualification of the working population and reflects the rise in job qualifications.  

• Inclusion

Published on 31/05/21



216,000 students took a course that prepares them for digital careers in 2015

The Conseil d'orientation pour l'emploi (COE) was concerned, a few months ago, about the growing shortage of expert skills in digital technologies. "Given the importance of expected job creation, the supply of skills in France is insufficient and will remain so in the years to come. We could thus expect 80,000 job vacancies by 2020 in France. This estimate concerns only the digital and electronic sectors: it does not cover the shortages that may be encountered in all sectors related to new technologies. 43,000 graduates in courses of study preparing for digital professions in 2014 The general inspections of the Ministries of Education, Research, Labor and the Economy had undertaken in 2016 to take stock of thesupply of training in digital professions in higher education. In their report, they had managed to identify, for the year 2014, a total of 27,459 graduates in computer science, math-computer science and computer science disciplines, math-info and MASS (Applied Mathematics and Social Sciences (MASS) as well as 15,835 graduates in information-communication.Of these 43,294 graduates, three-quarters were at the bachelor's and master's level, and one-quarter at the engineer, master's and doctoral level. "To these were probably added a thousand graduates from engineering schools that do not fall under the sole authority of the Ministry of Higher Education and an undetermined but probably smaller number of graduates from business schools.Taking into account the continuation of studies by Bac + 2 graduates and Bachelor's degree graduates, the General Inspectorate report estimated that 27,000 graduates were in a position to enter the job market. Nearly 216,000 students enrolled in training courses that prepare for digital professions in 2015 As part of their " Vision prospective partagée des emplois et des compétences dans la filière numérique" (shared vision of jobs and skills in the digital sector), France Stratégie and CEREQ recently undertook to complete and update (for 2015) this estimate, this time by focusing on the number of studentsTaking into account 6 disciplinary sectors (Computer Science, Mathematics and Information Technology, Applied Mathematics and Social Sciences, Information and Communication Sciences, Technology and Industrial Sciences), France Stratégie and Cereq count, for the 2014-2015 academic year alone, 216,000 students enrolled in public institutions under the supervision of the MESR. 2% of them are in doctoral programs 15% are in Master's level education 37% are studying engineering 45% of them are in 1st cycle training (BTS, DU, DUT, Licence) The Technology and Industrial Sciences (STI) stream has the largest number of students with 53% of the total, followed by Computer Science (23%) and Information and Communication Sciences (20%).45% of students enrolled are in undergraduate programs other than engineering programs (BTS, DU, DUT, Licence), 37% in engineering programs and 15% in Master's programs. Overall, the number of students in initial training has increased by 9% in four years, with a significant increase in engineering courses (+7,000 students) and bachelor's degrees (+4,000 students) over this period.It should be noted, however, that the number of students enrolled in doctoral programs and in the habilitation to direct research (HDR) program has decreased. 23,000 new baccalaureate holders chose one of the five digital streams in 2014-2015 For the 2014-2015 academic year, 23,000 new baccalaureate students enrolled in institutions under the supervision of the Ministry of Higher Education and Research (i.e., 8% of the total) are taking one of the five disciplines identified in this analysis as leading to digital careers. The majority of new baccalaureate holders who enrolled in one of the six courses leading to digital professions went on to technological university degrees (44%), mainly in Computer Science and InfoCom (Information and Communication Sciences) courses.They are followed by bachelor's degrees with 31% of the total number of students, and engineering courses, mainly in technology and industrial sciences (STI). Very few women in training For the 2014-2015 academic year, France Stratégie and CEREQ observe that "only 32% of new baccalaureate holders enrolled in courses leading to digital professions provided by institutions under the Ministry of Higher Education and Research (MESR) are women. This average varies by field of study. In fact, it is 7% in Computer Science, compared to nearly 65% in Information and Communication Sciences. 

• Inclusion

Published on 07/12/17