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The issue of educational digital inequalities is at the heart of the latest issue of Revue en Education (REE). The articles in this issue combine complementary approaches to the experience of teachers with that of students and their parents. The authors draw in particular on the work of the e-FRAN IDÉE research program (Digital Interactions for Education and Teaching), which considers the transformation of educational digital uses, particularly in schools, from the perspective of reducing inequalities.Agnès Grimault-Leprince (1), Sophie Joffredo-Le Brun (2) and Pascal Plantard (3), coordinators of this issue of REE, set out in their introduction to identify " areas for the development of digital teaching and training practices that can help reduce educational inequalities ".This dossier explores three notions that are " central to the understanding of digital society issues in education": technology appropriation, cooperation and empowerment:When it comes to the conditions under which teachersappropriate digital resources, "differences in appropriation can only be understood by crossing different scales of observation: that of the individual, with the importance of "digital cultural capital"; that of the professional environment, more or less active; and finally that of the territory and its political dynamics".The notion of cooperation is also central to understanding the use of technology in education. " In this dossier, we have chosen to focus particularly on the conditions for "working together": commitment to a common goal, attention to communication skills, maintaining horizontality through interaction, understanding the potential and pitfalls of working together, and deliberate use of appropriate knowledge and skills.The decision to focus on the issue ofempowerment stems from the importance of this notion in the discourse on schools, and in particular from the debate concerning the contribution of digital devices to the construction of student autonomy. " The multiplication of resources available online (texts, videos, software) is at the root of beliefs about school learning that they could encourage, outside the intervention of teachers". However, to make the most of digital resources and means, users need specific skills and forms of autonomy, which do not develop spontaneously. " It is then the dispositions built up outside school, mainly within the family, that enable pupils to achieve the expected learning outcomes". In the end, " the use of ICTE in schools, centered on self-training practices (self-correction, self-direction, self-regulation and self-control), encourages the growth of social inequalities in success ".The articles in this issue combine multi-disciplinary approaches to digital uses in school learning (see table of contents below).(1) Centre de recherches sur l'éducation, les apprentissages et la didactique- CREAD, Université Rennes-2.(2) Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche sur les questions vives en formation et en éducation-LIRFE, Université Catholique de l'Ouest.(3) CREAD-Gis Marsouin, Université Rennes-2. ContentsAgnès Grimault-Leprince, Sophie Joffredo-Le Brun and Pascal Plantard: EditorialDidier Perret and Pascal Plantard: Digital cultural capital of teachers and learner territories. Analyses of the resources and paths of digital appropriation by teachers in cooperative third places.Isabelle Danic, Thierry Lefort and Laurent Mell: At the root of digital inequalities, secondary school teachers' relationship with digital technologies: withdrawal, appropriation or sharing?Simon Collin: The role of educational technology design in digital social inequalities of useAgnès Grimault-Leprince, Lila Le Trividic Harrache and Laurent Mell: Digital home uses and school success. The role of family socializationSuzane El Hage, Jean-Marie Boilevin, Ghislaine Gueudet and Marie-Pierre Lebaud: Supporting the choice of resources for digital uses that promote student autonomy: comparing an analytical grid in two disciplines.Andrea Tucker, Cédric Fluckiger and Thierry Gidel: Learning to work together: influences of the digital workspace on collaborative engagementGhislaine Gueudet, Sophie Joffredo-Le Brun, Antoine Le Bouil, Carole Le Hénaff, Gwenaëlle Riou-Azou and Sabrina Srey: Numérique et autonomisation des élèves : quelle formation initiale des enseignants ?Ana Isabel Sacristán, Marisol Santacruz Rodríguez, Maria de Lourdes Miranda Quintero, Homero Enríquez Ramírez and Sandra Evely Parada Rico: Inequalities in access, training and use of digital technologies for school mathematics in two Latin American countries: Colombia and Mexico.

The Observatoire des métiers du numérique, de l'ingénierie, du conseil et de l'évènement (OPIIEC) has set out to identify the skills, employment and training needs of companies in the digital sector, in light of their obligations to reduce their environmental footprint.Companies in the digital and engineering sectors see the ambitions and obligation to reduce their environmental footprint " as simply another technological evolution on top of those they have already overcome... The sector is also used to constant innovation, and therefore considers itself perfectly capable of integrating this new paradigm"."The environmental criterion is already gaining ground in recruitment, both on the employer's side and the candidate's, particularly among young graduates ", notes OPIEEC. "To date, the training on offer lacks maturity and clarity: it is not yet equipped to meet the challenges of tomorrow, despite the real abundance of solutions available to companies".New professions ..."While the ecological transition has not revolutionized core businesses, new areas of expertise seem to be developing in response to the challenges of digital sobriety".A number of "new" professions are emerging within larger organizations.Responsible Digital Manager: he/she provides expertise and acts as an interface between the IT Department, the CSR Department and the General Management. He/she creates value through the responsible design of digital products and services.Sustainable Development Director: he/she oversees an organization's sustainable development impacts, activities and aspirations. " The job is becoming increasingly important to companies as they steer strategies linked to sustainable development and sobriety issues in general. These people supervise project managers, heads of responsible departments and work full-time on these issues".Carbon auditor: he/she takes "exhaustive photographs" of all the GHG emissions of a particular organization, event or project. He/she facilitates decision-making in terms of actions to be taken to reduce carbon impact.Responsible Digital Trainer: provides expertise and support to Green IT managers. He/she is responsible for raising awareness and training internal teams."These new professions tend to be reserved for larger companies," says OPIEEC. " In smaller companies, these functions are often integrated into general management, or even technical management".... and new skills for core businessesWhile business function mapping is only slightly affected, "all business functions will have to comply with the requirements to reduce the impact of digital technology: management, sales and marketing functions, technical/product departments, but also all types of other support functions".The study identifies a series of key skills directly linked to reducing the environmental footprint of digital technology.In terms of hardware, this means knowing how to use input peripherals (mouse, trackpad, tablet, microphone, Ethernet cable, etc.), mastering processing peripherals (processor, microprocessor, CPU, motherboard, etc.), storage peripherals, understanding output peripherals (screens, network output devices, different ports, etc.), understanding how to power devices, and mastering man-machine interactions.When it comes to software, it's important to master software eco-design via various tools, the user interface (UX Design), automation and the continuous integration environment.Finally, when it comes to network and cloud computing, this means mastering architecture in all its forms (functional, solution, application, data, software, integration, technical), mastering cloud computing architectures (private, hybrid, public) and virtualization.A training offer that is insufficient in number, unclear and, according to the majority of players, ill-adapted."Some engineering schools and universities offer modules on the subject ", such as ESAIP in Angers and the University of La Rochelle. " But the subject is unfortunately only touched on in the majority of training courses".This brief initial training offer does not cover the entire spectrum of the theme.In particular, OPIEEC points to" The absence of a training course totally dedicated to the theme"."Training that skims the surface of eco-design (Life Cycle Assessment - LCA) and doesn't go into digital optimization in depth"."Business and engineering schools insufficiently involved"."Students are sometimes forced to self-train on their own initiative to acquire a base of knowledge".As far as continuing education is concerned, OPIEEC observes " a profusion of offerings", and even " a Far West effect ", as it is " so difficult to find one's way around". This is due to the multiplicity of players positioning themselves to offer training on this theme: digital service companies (ESN), consultancies, training organizations and associations. Complementary training modules are often " too generic".An action plan?The OPIIEC study concludes with an action plan:Define and clarify the concept of the digital environmental footprint;Raise awareness among all players in the ecosystem;Densify and increase the reliability of technical training;Adapt the mapping of professions.

Since the first edition of Numérique en Commun[s] (NEC) in 2018, the Digital Society Program - and in particular the Digital Society Laboratory - and inno³ have been collaborating to produce resources and tools dedicated to the appropriation of the commons in an open and collaborative approach :The " Tutorial to the Digital Commons ", initiated at NEC 2018 and completed for NEC 2019;The " Le Commun numérique et sa ressource " tool sheet, the result of a collaboration between Praticable, the Société Numérique program, Fréquence École and inno³ carried out during NEC 2020 ;The " Panorama of the digital commons ", initiated in support of the NEC 2021 workshops;The " Canvas for the Governance of the Digital Commons ", produced as part of NEC 2022;and the most recent, a Canvas dedicated to the economic dimension of the commons, detailed below, produced in support of NEC 2023. What is the Commons Model Canvas?The Commons Model Canvas is both a method and a guide for digital commons project leaders, to help them think through the specific aspects of the commons: defining governance, dealing with economic issues, organizing the framework for collaboration, and so on.In the course of our work on the appropriate legal structures for structuring the digital commons, the question of the economic models for these commons regularly came up as the main concern of project leaders. The Commons Model Canvas completes the Canvas for the governance of the digital commons, published in 2022, by materializing the concepts attached to the digital commons dimension. Its aim is to enable the definition of an economic model for the commons, and a related business model for the parties involved in its maintenance and development. Indeed, the problem of the economic model of the commons, and the business models that can be envisaged for the stakeholders, has been raised among commoners for years. In particular, inno³ has been able to support several projects in defining their business model, either directly at the request of these projects, or on behalf of institutional players wishing to provide support for specific projects (Ademe's Call for Commoners, ANCT's Call for Expressions of Interest "Tooling digital inclusion players", or IGN's Geoplatform project). Many projects have fed into our experience: iTowns, La Rochelle Territoire Zéro Carbone, LaCollecte.tech, Soliguide, XSalto (now Alpilink), etc. What makes up the Commons Model Canvas?Available in paper or digital versions, it is a set of self-contained resources that can be assembled to facilitate a variety of situations, from individual reflections to team workshops.This tool, initiated at NEC 2022 with the Commons Governance Framework, enables digital commons projects to better understand and articulate the complexity of the economic stakes of commons projects in relation to their business models and the stakeholders involved.To facilitate the workshops, we have produced a "kit" consisting of :A user's guide containing a range of resources, tips and examples. A number of resources for further exploration of the issues raised, to make it easier to put them into action.A series of 3 cards to help you grasp and materialize all the issues (economic and governance, indicated by pictograms) underlying the digital commons. These cards are double-sided, to mirror the issues raised by each stakeholder (front) and those of the community (back).Sheet 1 - "Presentation and Mission" (green): provides an overview of each stakeholder.Sheet 2 - "Convergence of actions" (blue): describes the contribution of each stakeholder, the resources they mobilize, and the rules of governance established within the community.Sheet 3 - "Projecting onto a common model" (red): allows you to take a step back and project towards predetermined timeframes (6 months, 2 years or 5 years) by articulating scenarios on a multi-dimensional action plan.A set of two canvases that can be completed independently of each other and according to the needs of the workshop:A " framework for the governance of digital commons" to summarize the rules of governance, the structure and representation of the project community, articulated by actions and indicators.A " canvas of the economic stakes of digital commons" to synthesize the business models of each stakeholder in a digital commons, in order to map out what each puts in and what each receives.The Commons Model Canvas may be supplemented in the future, depending on the needs of project developers.This kit drew on all inno³'s expertise (legal, design), a bibliography of grey literature and the organization of focus group discussions. Our approach also drew on a more global design approach at inno³ through game design. You can access all the following resources:The "Governance of the digital commons" canvas and the "Economic challenges of the digital commons" canvas make up the Commons Model Canvas,Cards to help you complete the canvas,Documentation in booklet form to help you run the workshop,An outline and ODP format sheets to facilitate completion in an online workshop,Source files for all content in SVG format. How to run a workshop using the Commons Model Canvas?This kit is initially designed to be used in a face-to-face workshop format, with a plurality of profiles gravitating around an identified digital commons project, and a printed version of the booklet. However, we are making available documentation enabling it to be carried out remotely in ODP format.When running a workshop, we recommend using the following outline:Stage 1 - Immersion: This stage introduces the various digital commons projects and forms the groups.Step 2 - Exploration: This step enables you to fill in all the double-sided sheets included in the kit.Each card has a specific color for easy recognition.They contain questions with annotation fields to be completed as the discussion progresses (it is advisable to complete the cards in order).The cards can be completed individually or collectively, depending on the needs of everyone around the table during the workshop. The community section of the cards can be completed by all project stakeholders.Stage 3 - Convergence: The summary of actions and the elements completed on the cards will be entered on the two templates provided. The answers entered on the forms will feed the canvas. It is therefore advisable to fill in the forms before completing the canvas.The governance framework focuses on the governance elements of a digital commons project.The business model canvas enables you to map out your business model, in a way that complements those of other community stakeholders, in order to build an economic model that is sustainable for the community and viable for stakeholders.The recommended workshop time will depend on a number of factors, such as the number of participants, the objectives set and the context. In any case, you should generally allow between 2 and 3 hours to complete all the materials (worksheets and canvas). Mobilizing the Commons Model Canvas at NEC 2023For this latest edition of Numérique en Commun[s], inno³ led a workshop entitled "Take charge of (and challenge) inno³'s digital commons support kit". The aim was to introduce and enable participants to take charge of the Commons Model Canvas, a tool designed to help digital commons holders understand and manipulate the necessary concepts, and to project themselves onto a sustainable common economic model. The large number of participants in this workshop shows the importance of the need for common carriers, whether private or public, to have specific tools to support them in structuring and developing their project.The participants were divided into four groups, each devoted to an existing commons developed by one of the members. This common was used as a case study to ensure that the framework would be easily understood and used by the players for whom it was intended.The workshop showed that the Commons Model Canvas addresses most of the issues raised by the participants, in a format that is particularly well-suited to the task, making it easy to learn and complete collectively. However, a number of irritants were raised: information to be requested; vocabulary to be adapted; design to be reworked from time to time; and so on.This feedback is invaluable, because the Commons Model Canvas, like all the resources resulting from the collaboration between the Digital Society Laboratory and inno³, is intended to be the fruit of collective work. This is why you can now download the Canvas in its version shared with NEC, under a CC-By-SA 4.0 license, so that you can make use of it and make any modifications you wish. How to contribute to the kit ?The "Common Model Canvas" Kit is shared under a free CC-by-SA 4.0 license. This means you can adapt it to the specific features of your project, making it the most relevant tool possible.If you'd like to be involved in future developments, or simply to be kept informed, please contact us at commonsmodelcanvas@inno3.fr.Don't hesitate to let us know about your experiments and re-appropriations at the same address.You can also access and contribute to all our content via our Gitlab. If you complete one of the two frameworks and/or the associated sheets, don't hesitate to share this content with us via the Gitlab so that it can be added to the "Examples" folder.

Bringing social professions out of the crisis of meaning and attractivenessThe White Paper on Social Work (314 pages), submitted to the French government by the Haut Conseil du Travail Social (HCTS) on December 5, 2023, takes stock of an unprecedented crisis in social work: serious recruitment difficulties, staff turnover, disaffection with training among the younger generation. "This deterioration is a warning of the state of emergency affecting the sector. It is also leading to a decline in the quality of support and services provided to the public.The first chapter deals with working conditions and the attractiveness of organizations. The second deals with the professional practices and approaches needed to meet today's social challenges. The third deals with the challenges of initial and continuing training. Finally, the fourth chapter looks ahead to the conditions that will make our professions attractive in the face of ecological, demographic and digital transitions. The HCTS makes 14 recommendations along these lines (below).While 90% of the 1.3 million social workers are women, the authors of the White Paper have chosen to refer to them in the feminine plural. Digital, between potential and loss of legibilityWhile digital technology is "a working tool with many potentialities ", the dematerialization of administrative procedures contributes to this loss of meaning and attractiveness, by generating "sometimes uncontrolled processes, a source of additional workload".Following on from the HCTS's work on digital transformations in professional practices in the social professions (Why and how social workers are seizing digital tools in 2018), the White Paper looks at digital from three angles:The difficulties of supporting people in a context of dematerialization ;The growing importance of reporting activities for social workers;The foreseeable upheavals in the social professions linked to the development of Artificial Intelligence. "To the administrative millefeuille is added a millefeuille of digital tools, each developing its own logic".As the White Paper points out, the proliferation of service platforms and the need to go through them can distance vulnerable people from access to their rights: "social workers play a relay role in developing the digital autonomy of the people they serve. To do this, they need to be able to link up with the network of local players who can help them acquire these skills or access other services".If "the new professionals are comfortable with the computerization of their practice... the replacement of physical offices in organizations by "self-service" areas, where interaction with an agent becomes ad hoc, raises the question of how to manage the illegitimacy of the public".Following in the footsteps of the Défenseur des droits, the HCTS advocates maintaining physical counters alongside digital services. "People experiencing difficulties with the dematerialization of administrative procedures need to be supported and accompanied. They need a relationship that is above all human, understanding and non-judgmental. Training courses for digital helpers, who are invited to work with social action professionals, also include the relational dimension of assistance and the assessment of requests".Dematerialization also exposes professionals to all kinds of difficulties, such as the need to "navigate between different services, in support of the people they accompany (...). In many situations, they no longer have any contacts outside digital platforms (...). Communication methods can become a time-wasting factor, to the detriment of supporting the person's life project"."For a number of professionals, the dematerialization of procedures is synonymous with a loss of legibility, to such an extent that helping the public to decipher administrative procedures has become a mission in its own right. (...) For each situation, it is now necessary to spend a considerable amount of time understanding the elements of the file with the operators concerned, and trying to resolve the difficulties that block the system (identifiers, e-mail addresses, absence of a contact person...). Professionals don't always know how to navigate the often unintuitive platforms. The administrative complexity added to the computer logic leads people in difficulty to multiply their requests for appointments.While digital technology, as a working tool, offers many potential benefits (a source of valuable information on the people we support, the ability to access more reliable resources than in the past, sharing spaces to enhance and capitalize on innovative practices, mutual support forums), its acceleration is also leading to a proliferation of evaluation and monitoring tools. "To the administrative millefeuille we have added a millefeuille of digital tools, each developing its own logic".In this respect, the White Paper regrets " the absence of a single application subject to national standards to manage such processes, leaving a proliferation of diverse systems that do not always consider the consequences of their implementation".The White Paper stresses the importance of adapting ongoing training to the difficulties faced by professionals. It also points to the difficulty faced by facility managers "in identifying the capacity of software to meet needs (...) It would be useful to designate referents within facilities to facilitate the translation of digital tools into the reality of activity". From reporting to data-driven management"Social workers are finding that they are spending more and more time responding to numerical orders and filling in indicators. These activities are seen as time-consuming and meaningless. However, it is imperative that public policy management be based on robust data that can be rapidly mobilized.The White Paper recognizes the importance of data sharing (reinforcing the "tell us once" principle ), with the aim of achieving interoperability between systems enabling unique identification and sharing of personal data in compliance with the RGPD, developing the ability of organizations to directly query these aggregated databases, and extending the automated allocation of certain rights to beneficiaries (see the Labo Administration proactive dossier: what are the issues, risks and prospects?)."However," adds the White Paper, " it remains necessary to remain cautious in the face of the risk of overestimating the capabilities of digital tools for business management. This tends to overemphasize numerical analyses and ignore contextual approaches". Preventing upheavals linked to the development of Artificial IntelligenceRapid developments in artificial intelligence are raising questions about the evolution of professional practices. While it can help social services to identify potential beneficiaries or make decisions to reach out to them, based on the collection of relevant case management data, "there is a lack of reliable data to provide a legal and ethical framework for the use of artificial intelligence in decision-making with and for vulnerable groups"."Datamining and deep learning (the massive, automated use of data to extract information about behavior) are allies in the provision of services and the fight against non-use, provided they are integrated into a strict legislative framework and the ethical and deontological foundations supported by professionals".The White Paper recommends a study anticipating the use of artificial intelligence in this sector. The aim is to adopt "a proactive attitude on this subject, in order to avoid the negative impacts of digital development in social work practices and for the people supported". Recommendations of the Haut Conseil du Travail SocialEnhancing salariesInitiate dialogue on the subject of management ratiosRe-examining funding methods for social and medico-social structuresAffirming the fundamentals of social work adapted to today's challengesDeveloping the governance of skills and professionsLong-term recruitmentChanging work organizations through different types of managementSupporting career pathsConsolidating the career paths of students and traineesDistinguishing between access to the law and social supportImplement a global communications strategy for business linesHarnessing the full potential of the digital transitionInvesting in the ecological transitionStrengthening the place of social work in public debate

A commitment to sharing and opennessIn July 2022, the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research (MESR) inaugurated the Recherche Data Gouv portal , an ecosystem for sharing and opening up scientific research data. To support researchers in this process, Recherche Data Gouv is deploying an ecosystem of services to help prepare and disseminate research data throughout France, as well as a system for publishing and reporting research data. The recherche.data.gouv.fr portal will be the research data version of data.gouv.fr."When 50% of research work is publicly funded, data must be shared at the very least, and opened up at the very best," says Isabelle Blanc, ministerial administrator of data, algorithms and source codes at MESR, who heads up the Research Data Gouv ecosystem.One year after its launch, themulti-disciplinary Data Gouv Research Warehouse was hosting over 2,000 datasets, corresponding to 36,000 data files, either fully open or shared with restricted access when required by the nature of the data. Some 288,500 files had been downloaded since July 8, 2022. CNRS Research Data: an example of the Research Data Gouv data warehouseWith the CNRS Research Data warehouse, opening in June 2023, CNRS enables scientists to publish their data from CNRS-supported research. It offers a generic main collection, and laboratories can request to create specific collections.A commitment to open up all data is also one of the criteria used by French and European funding agencies to assess projects, and most publishers now require that the data linked to a publication be accessible.The priority: supporting scientists"Opening up data is more complex than opening up publications: research teams are required to carry out additional scientific work as far upstream as possible, when designing their project, and this cannot be entrusted to third parties," explains Isabelle Blanc. This means being able to describe the instruments, conditions and protocols used to produce and collect the data.Indeed, according to a survey by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, between 2018 and 2020, 80% of research communities lacked either support or infrastructure.Support has become a central element of the system, taking priority over the development of a technical solution. In 2023, 19 data workshops mobilized more than 350 people from 80 establishments.CNRS is a partner in numerous data workshops, which are the entry point for scientists. It also contributes to the deployment of national resource centers, such as OPIDoR - a portal set up by Inist-CNRS, a pioneer in the development of data management plans - and DoRANum, which offers resources and training to support the scientific community in data management and sharing.By 2025, the HAL open archive developed by CNRS should also offer a service for directly depositing the dataset associated with a publication and making it accessible from Recherche Data Gouv.Recherche Data Gouv aims for European recognitionThe Research Data Gouv steering committee is preparing several applications for 2024 to bring the national platform closer to the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) project.

A well-calibrated training offer?In the digital professions, employers are reporting major difficulties in recruiting the people they need, to the point where this is holding back their growth. The Institut Montaigne estimates that, in the digital sector, "845,000 people need to be trained between 2023 and 2030, and at least 130,000 per year by 2030. However, in 2022, only 70,000 people had joined the digital professions. This means that training provision will have to double by 2030".In " Métiers 2030 ", the French Ministry of Labor's statistics department, DARES, put the figure at 35,000 for IT engineers by 2030."What is the situation? Is the training offer really insufficient? How can it be better adapted to companies' needs?This is the question that Michel Schmitt, member of the Conseil général de l'Économie, sets out to answer in the magazine Gérer et comprendre, by summarizing the main conclusions of work carried out by three general inspectorates: the IGAS (Inspection générale des affaires sociales), the IGESR (Inspection générale de l'éducation, du sport et de la recherche) and the CGE (Conseil général de l'Économie). This work takes up and updates a report that already analyzed the needs and supply of training in digital professions in 2015.After pointing out the methodological difficulties involved (scope, multiplicity of nomenclatures used to list digital professions, rapid evolution of professions), the author presents, with data and graphs, the situation of the labor market in digital professions, analyzes " the capacity of the training offer to generate adequate breeding grounds " and proposes a few avenues for a forward-looking vision. A shortage of digital skills ...In 2022, the digital sector will require 1.26 million jobs, of which 40,000 will be unfilled, representing a vacancy rate of 3%: "higher than the national average of 2.5%, but lower than the most highly-tensioned professions, which are close to 3.6% (health, construction, etc.)".In terms of trends, this need grew strongly between 2017 and 2021, but now seems to be levelling off. The pool to meet these needs is 1.31 million professionals, due to the high volume of jobseekers registered in digital-related professions.In terms of employment trends in the digital sector, we're seeing stagnation between 2021 and 2022, which is also reflected in job vacancies, which have fallen by over 30% between 2022 and 2023.... real but probably overestimated"If we compare the 40,000 vacancies with the 90,000 jobseekers, the situation appears less alarming than the figures put forward and the feelings expressed by most players in the sector would suggest. The existence of very high staff turnover, fuelled by deleterious competitive practices between recruiters, undoubtedly contributes to a feeling of tension that is partly disconnected from reality". Michel Schmitt also observes, among other factors of tension, the development of freelance activity, with a significant proportion (around a quarter) of jobseekers combining registration with Pôle emploi with self-employment. What's more, while a proportion of jobseekers and returnees could meet their needs, "companies are keeping their sights firmly set on young people with initial training".While the number of jobs created in the digital professions will probably exceed the 160, 000 forecast by France Stratégie between 2019 and 2030, Michel Schmitt is reassuring: "A significant proportion of the growth in the digital sector seems to be due to the transformation of pre-existing jobs, rather than to net job creation. The challenge therefore seems to be to develop the skills of professionals who keep their jobs (which companies seem to be doing quite well, given the flows that have been transformed in recent years)".A globally relevant training offering that lacks suitable candidatesWith regard to the ability of the training on offer to generate useful breeding grounds, the author observes that the catalog of offers is "sufficiently diverse to offer all those who have the capacity to do so, a chance to qualify for a job in the digital sector... Initial and continuing training flows, for the time being, seem likely to meet the needs of demographic renewal and growth in the sector. However, a downturn in apprenticeships would have unforeseen repercussions.Lack of appeal for digital careers in both high school and higher educationIn addition to the number of training courses, there is the question of the associated pool, i.e. the number of people trained and the fill rate for these courses.At lycée, in 1ère générale, only 6.8% of students chose the NSI (Numérique et sciences informatiques) speciality from among the three they were required to choose. Only 49%, or 3.4%, went on to the final year. The feminization rate is 16%. In the final year, only 3.4% of students are enrolled in digital specialties.In higher education, current training courses are generally not filling up. Among engineers, 17.5% have a degree in digital technology. Lastly, for masters courses with a digital-related specialization, some 6,700 students are enrolled in M2, which is declining, with a fill rate of only 60%."These figures are rather worrying, as they show a lack of attractiveness in the digital sector. It's going to be difficult to redress the balance in the short term, as the number of Bac+5 graduates in 2030 is currently in second place..."Continuing training courses that are either non-existent or too shortThe digital professions benefit from their culture of self-education and the strong involvement of companies in updating skills. The author notes, however, that "continuing training is either non-existent or too short to bring people who are changing careers and who have the capacity to do so up to engineer level. For those already at this level, acquiring a second, solid digital skill through long-term training would enhance their employability and support the transformation of organizations, in the same way as MBAs provide additional management skills".Michel Schmitt concludes by suggesting that the approach initiated by France Stratégie in its 2017 study Vision prospective partagée des emplois et compétences should be reinstalled on a permanent basis, "enriching it with tools developed by the Grande école du numérique and the CARIF-OREF network, and data conversion analysis techniques using artificial intelligence".

ForewordFollowing on from the Ministry of Culture's 2018 Libraries plan, which assigned libraries the mission of "promoting digital inclusion and actions carried out in the social field", the law on libraries adopted in 2021 explicitly states that they contribute to "reducing illiteracy".Reaching out to a wide range of audiences (young people, the elderly, parents, etc.), with their social and cultural outreach skills, and equipped with open-access computers and digital resources, libraries have a number of advantages when it comes to supporting the public towards digital empowerment. With their nationwide presence, equipment and digital resources, they also enjoy an excellent public image. As the 2023 edition of the Digital Barometer shows, libraries and media libraries are clearly identified by the public as places where they can provide digital support.Although library professionals have been practicing digital mediation for many years, they are still wondering about its scope ("how far to go"), and about their positioning and visibility within the digital inclusion ecosystem. A recent survey conducted by the Association des bibliothécaires de France sheds light on the specific nature of libraries within this ecosystem.Faced with the irruption of generative artificial intelligence, library professionals are questioning their role and the place of AI in the library world. To what extent can AI become an ally of learning? How will its mediation missions change? What new skills? How can we train for these new, constantly evolving practices?Libraries are also preparing to minimize the ecological impact of their digital services, whether in terms of hardware (public computer workstations, video game consoles, tablets, e-readers) or software (online catalogs, portals, online resources). More and more of them are committing themselves to digital sobriety, by making changes to their own operations and raising awareness among their audiences. Libraries and media libraries clearly identified by the public as places where people can learn about digital technologyIn the2023 edition of the Digital Barometer, ANCT has introduced a question to better understand their expectations in terms of support: "There are places in the area where you can get help with online procedures and digital learning. Do you know of a place near you that offers digital support?Town halls (33% of responses) and libraries (32%) are cited as the top places " offering digital support".Town halls are ahead of libraries for all age groups (except 12-17 year-olds), all socio-professional categories, all levels of education and all urban areas. It's also true that a large number of local authorities provide free access to computers or interactive terminals to help users complete their administrative formalities. In addition to this digital access, users are often accompanied by a town hall secretary, mediator or digital advisor to help them get to grips with digital tools and understand how they work. The 12-17 age group tends to prefer libraries.An INJEP survey highlighted the appeal of digital library services to teenagers. " For many of them, it's less a question of accessing collections than of benefiting from a space... Adolescents travel, sometimes far, to go to a library where they can concentrate and feel they are in the midst of other young people driven by the same motivations". According to the authors of the survey, "the arrival of digital practices in libraries has triggered or accompanied a change in libraries, not only in terms of what they offer teenagers, but also in terms of the spaces made available to them. The practices of teenagers are thus taken into account to a greater extent". At the forefront of the digital divideWith many procedures now digitalized, and no alternative or sufficient support available, vulnerable groups, and more generally people who are far removed from the digital world, tend to turn to local players (town halls, social centers, CCAS, etc.) or solidarity players (such as Emmaüs, the Red Cross, Secours Populaire or Secours Catholique) to find the help they need. These people sometimes turn to libraries and media libraries.The Ministry of Culture's 2018 Libraries plan had taken note of this situation. "Actors in social inclusion, they promote digital inclusion and actions carried out in the social field".In 2018, the Association des directrices et directeurs des bibliothèques municipales et groupements intercommunaux des villes de France (ADBGV) devoted its annual study day to the theme " Digital and inclusion in libraries: how far can we go?". How can we meet the needs created by the digital boom? What is the role of the library in a local digital inclusion policy? How far can we go? Can we meet all the needs created by the rise of dematerialization and e-administration? How can we complement each other within cities?In 2020, the Bulletin des Bibliothèques de France devoted a special report to digital inclusion practices and systems in libraries, with a wealth of experience and case studies.In 2021, the law on libraries and the development of public reading broadens the missions of libraries: "they contribute to the reduction of illiteracy and illiteracy. Through their mediation activities, they guarantee the participation and diversification of the public and the exercise of their cultural rights".In fact, libraries were one of the potential locations for the 4,000 Digital Advisors recruited under the Recovery Plan. What is the specific nature of digital mediation in libraries?At a time when the French government is setting up Espaces France Services (EFS) to help with administrative formalities, and deploying 4,000 Digital Advisors to provide digital mediation services nationwide, libraries are questioning their positioning, complementarity and visibility in the evolving ecosystem of digital inclusion.The Digital Commission of the Association des Bibliothécaires de France (ABF) conducted a survey of 37 digital mediators working in libraries.While the majority of them declare that they are legitimate to carry out this mediation activity, several express "the need to question oneself often, to train continuously, and even to accept learning through failure", or express reservations " distinguishing between cultural support and social and administrative support "."In the library, too, the mission of helping people to become autonomous is important, as is passing on good practice and basic computer skills. It's more a question of learning assistance and solving technology-related problems than of technical troubleshooting per se".This mission " goes hand in hand with a mission to raise awareness or pass on a digital culture, involving the library's digital resources, digital creation workshops (Fablab, robotics programming, CAM, video game creation, etc.), and media and information literacy".They also specify that their mission is to train other library staff, with a view to sharing the foundations of a common digital culture.How far can we go?Administrative procedures are mostly mentioned as "out of scope". However, this view is not unanimous: " The missions of a digital mediator are to welcome the public, offer personalized appointments and group workshops on digital issues. For me, the digital world is vast, and should include help with administrative procedures as well as digital leisure activities".Many of them point out that they are first and foremost librarians, and that digital is only one aspect of their job. They don't just do digital mediation, but "more generally, cultural mediation. For example, they offer read-alouds, creative workshops, board game activities and mediation of collections other than digital ones".While they consider the level of technical resources to be generally good, many point to the absence of a WIFI network in some cases, and to security devices that are not always compatible with the activities.When asked about the activities of digital mediators working outside libraries, they consider that they tend to deal with requests linked to the resolution of a technical or administrative problem (access to rights, access to healthcare, etc.). Outside libraries, they see the approach as essentially pragmatic, linked to an often urgent need, "whereas in libraries, we build up a broader range of services enabling the public to find answers to a need, but also to discover services enabling them to acculturate more generally to the digital world".Asked to imagine the digital mediation of tomorrow, they believe that "digital mediation will evolve towards increased media awareness and the development of critical thinking, to enable people to sort things out, put things into context, raise awareness and develop a critical eye ", that "partnerships with other digital players in the same territory will develop, which could position digital mediators in libraries more on animation and training tasks related to creative and cultural digital than on troubleshooting tasks ". Are libraries ready for artificial intelligence?Faced with the irruption of generative artificial intelligence, librarians are questioning their role and the place of AI in the library world.On November 7, 2023, the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Bpi) of the Centre Pompidou and the Service du Livre et de la Lecture of the French Ministry of Culture organized a study day: Are libraries ready for artificial intelligence?"The question of the reception and use of artificial intelligence is an acute one for teachers and libraries. Can AI become an ally in learning, including media and information literacy? How can mediators be trained in these new, constantly evolving practices, so that AI uses are beneficial to all, for reasoned appropriation in a context where fact-checking seems increasingly complex?"The École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques (Enssib), for its part, had devoted a day on May 11, 2023, to exploring the links between AI and the world of libraries.For the profession, AI implies a change in its mediation missions and new skills. It :"It requires knowledge of research, management and conservation;generates information, text or images, which must be verified and validated, so it requires skills in data analysis, knowing how to detect works or authors created by an AI ;requires expertise in using these tools, like the engineer prompt, expert in using AI chatbots like ChatGPT".AI can also help librarians to analyze and exploit massive amounts of data. "AI is a new challenge that calls for change, just as it did with the arrival of the Internet and then social networks".According to the speakers, several points of vigilance emerge regarding the use of AI in libraries. "It's important that it remains a set of tools at the service of humans; raising awareness among professionals and the public must be done with this in mind. Their development requires not only skills and IT expertise that are still rare, but also long reflection and wide consultation with professionals. Indeed, their development and evolution remain highly complex. Last but not least, ethical issues are an important part of the debate, given that AIs are being driven by the world's poorest populations, and that they remain carbon-intensive because they require energy-intensive infrastructures".Few librarians seem to be directly involved in AI projects today, apart from those at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF). " A fear seems to be emerging, repeating the one provoked by the arrival of the Internet and search engines: could AI replace librarians? While this hypothesis is unlikely, given that humans are necessary for the deployment of AI, information professionals and librarians will have to become acculturated to the idea, which is no longer the preserve of a small circle of insiders. Librarians still have certain strengths: human relations, expertise, judgment and mediation.In view of libraries' public service mission, and their commitment to the common good, David Lankes Professor of Library Science at the University of Texas advocates an active posture for librarians in the face of AI, and sets out three interconnected areas in which they must develop their skills: data, algorithms and machine learning. "Literacy in data, ontologies and taxonomies, in-depth understanding of inductive algorithms, the ability to evaluate and manage machine learning processes, and analysis of legal and political issues will enable library professionals to take a direct part in the development and regulatory processes of the AI ecosystem. There, they will assume - for the benefit of users - an advocacy role for interpretable AI that respects ethical principles, fairness and representativeness, and guarantees the fairness and transparency of algorithmic models, public and private data used and content produced." For David Lankes, it's above all a question of the profession not simply reacting to AI, " but seizing it as an object of public policy". 85% of French people have a library in their commune of residenceThe result of a collaboration between the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) and the Livre et Lecture department of the French Ministry of Culture, an Atlas maps for the first time, in a precise manner and according to various criteria, the 15,500 reading venues throughout mainland France and its overseas territories. In particular, it provides information on the distribution of the offer, and its proximity to the population..."The 15,500 libraries and book access points enable 85% of the French population to access this cultural service in their commune of residence. On average, France has 23 reading establishments per 100,000 inhabitants. Urban communities have more reading facilities (nine out of 10). However, a third of rural communities have a public reading facility, serving almost 22% of the French population. The distribution of public libraries throughout metropolitan France and the French overseas territories offers remarkable coverage of the territory and close access to the population"."The location of facilities is closely linked to population density: major and medium-sized establishments are generally located in the most densely populated and urbanized areas of France and the French overseas territories; less densely populated areas (very rural areas, mountainous areas, or inland areas in the French overseas territories as opposed to coastal areas) are home to fewer public reading establishments".However, the quality of the service offered may differ within a region, depending on their location"The city ecosystem, which concentrates and polarizes economic, cultural, educational and institutional players, encourages more partnerships, and libraries serve larger populations. Conversely, people living in rural areas are less well served, even though libraries in France offer this cultural service to 66% of rural dwellers in their commune of residence".Described as the leading local cultural establishment, libraries are not always accessible within 10 minutes (by car) for part of the population. Thus, " throughout France, 2.2 million people do not have access to a library within a 10-minute drive ", according to the Atlas. Differences in IT equipment depending on whether libraries are located in urban or rural areasThe Atlas des bibliothèques territoriales also sheds light on the quality of libraries' IT equipment. Four criteria are simultaneously present in a public reading establishment, making it possible to observe the quality of their level of IT equipment: website, online catalog, WiFi access and connected computers."The high levels of IT equipment in public reading establishments in each département are rarely linked to the presence of a large number of libraries in the département. Perhaps it's more a question of a political commitment on the part of local authorities to the development of IT for the benefit of library users and residents alike", observe the authors of the Atlas."There is still room for improvement in library IT equipment, as half of French départements have fewer than 17% of libraries equipped"."Generally speaking, in rural areas, the number of computerized libraries is low: half of all départements have fewer than 12% of rural libraries equipped.The authors of the Atlas emphasize the role of departmental libraries, many of which are part of the "Bibliothèques numériques de référence" (BNR) program, providing digital resources to their rural networks. Six out of ten libraries offer digital resourcesWith regard to digital resources, according to the Atlas des bibliothèques territoriales, 73% of public reading establishments serving more than 2,000 inhabitants said they offered digital resources in 2021.This figure testifies to the extent of digital coverage in libraries, as well as to the work done by departmental libraries in providing access to digital resources: 94% of small and medium-sized libraries turn to the departmental library for free digital resources, and 86% of departmental libraries offer a digital resources portal to their network.Among the most popular digital resources, self-training content leads the way (79%), followed by the press (78%) and videos (72%). Music (64%), digital books (63%) and streaming audio books (50%) have also been growing strongly in recent years. Digital sobriety on the library agendaLibraries of all sizes are faced with the ecological impact of their digital offerings and services, whether in terms of hardware (public computer workstations, video game consoles, tablets, e-readers) or software (online catalogs, portals, online resources).The Journées du numérique en bibliothèque publique, held in Nîmes on March 7 and 8, 2024, focused on the environmental and societal impact of digital services.In May 2024, the French Ministry of Culture published a position paper to engage libraries in the ecological transition. "Over the last few decades, digital technology has profoundly and positively disrupted professional practices and uses in libraries: it offers significant potential in terms of creation and has led to a diversification of resources and services accessible in libraries (documentation but also Fablab with 3D printers, virtual reality, augmented reality"."By pooling the equipment they offer their users, libraries are entering a process of digital sobriety... Libraries, like other cultural players, are developing their strategy in terms of digital sobriety through a reflection on the renewal of equipment, on the growth of data flow - particularly for heavy files - and a commitment to an eco-design approach to their digital offering." Digital access to resources: modest progressPublic libraries have an obligation to make digital services accessible to all people with disabilities, whether physical, sensory (visual or hearing impairment), mental or cognitive. This applies to portals or websites, digital resources or libraries, as well as all online services offered by the library.At regular intervals, the Ministry of Culture's Barometer of Digital Accessibility in Public Reading measures the extent to which public reading libraries comply with digital accessibility standards (WCAG, RGAA).28% of the sites and portals surveyed have an "Accessibility policy" page. Only 8% display an accessibility declaration.The online public catalogs offered by software publishers largely comply with accessibility standards. "However, as the authors of the Barometer point out, " all it takes is one accessibility flaw in one of the main functionalities to impact the user's experience, leaving him or her completely blocked".As far as digital resource platforms are concerned, "some market players seem to have integrated the accessibility approach and offer platforms with a good level of accessibility". A new roadmap for the Digital Commission of the Association des bibliothécaires de France (ABF)A working group has been set up to define the new roadmap for the ABF Digital Commission.Its scope has been deliberately broadened to take in the digital implications for library services and usage. In this sense, digital inclusion, accessibility and mediation will be addressed alongside digital resources or regulatory issues (RGPD, for example).

Dynamic momentumOver the past 18 months, several initiatives have been launched to open up public data:implementation of ministerial roadmaps on data policy;a tracking table now allows you to follow the opening of new public datasets, algorithms, source codes and APIs;the redesign of the data.gouv.fr portal;the creation of a " datalab " within the Interministerial Digital Department (DINUM), which will help accelerate data projects by providing material, technical, human and legal support;the opening of a funding window to co-finance data-related projects in government departments;the introduction of a data catalog at Insee, offering a wide range of search and consultation functions.However, this drive to open up public data also highlights the challenges of discoverability and standardization.Discoverability: how to easily identify relevant datasets? To facilitate data searches, the Etalab department, which runs the data.gouv.fr platform, is working with data producers to compile as complete a list as possible of existing databases and datasets on certain key themes.Whether the aim is to simplify access to data in a specific field, around a public policy, or to organize a sectoral ecosystem of data, we are seeing the emergence of platforms and portals that bring together open data around themes such as research data, with the portal Recherche.Data.Gouv.fr, cartography (with the Cartes.gouv.fr project ), the ecological transition, with the Ecosphere(s) project, local information and statistics (with Open Collectivités) or territorial data on the job market (with Data Emploi).Standardization: the use of open formats is not enough to ensure widespread re-use of data. Data sets must also be standardized. Despite initiatives by the French government (such as schema.gouv.fr), OpenDataFrance(Socle commun des données locales) and the Conseil national de l'information géolocalisée, standardization of open data is far from the norm. Each territory relies on its own specificities and semantics, which hinders interoperability not within systems and infrastructures, but between them.The European Commission, for its part, is giving new impetus to the opening up of public data, with a regulation that lists the six categories of "data (high-value data sets) " that public-sector players will have to make available free of charge, and specifies how they are to be disseminated. France leads Europe in opening up public dataThecomparative study commissioned by the European Commission on the maturity of open data in the various member states (Open Data Maturity in Europe 2022) puts France in first place (with a maturity score evaluated at 97%).Countries were assessed on four dimensions: policy and legislation, data portals, impact of openness and data quality. In terms of openness policy, France scored 96%, compared with the European average of 86%.In terms of data quality, France scored 93%, compared with a European average of 77%. On the basis of its scores in all four dimensions, the report places France (along with eight other countries) in the group of "trendsetters". Data.gouv.fr: 47,000 datasets and 153.4 million resources downloaded47,000 datasets are available on Data.gouv.fr, the national open data platform, from 4,900 organizations.Data.gouv.fr recorded 54.2 million visits in one year (between December 2022 and December 2023). The platform's 112,900 users downloaded 153.4 million resources. Data.gouv.fr reports 3.7 million reuses.Long-awaited data sets have been published for 2022 and 2023:Indexes of social position (IPS) in schools, collèges and lycées, which give an idea of pupils' social status based on their parents' professions and social categories(Ministry of National Education and Youth);The register of condominiums, which provides technical and legal data on condominiums(Agence nationale de l'habitat);The national building database (BDNB), which maps and qualifies existing buildings (residential and tertiary)(Centre scientifique et technique du bâtiment);The rent map, which contains indicators of advertised rents at commune level(French Ministry of Ecological Transition);Polling stations and voter addresses, by Insee ;Aggregated election data;"Rent map" - Indicators of advertising rents by municipality in 2023.From January 1, 2024, Météo-France will make all its public data available free of charge. On this occasion, the thematic platform meteo.data.gouv.fr was also launched, with the aim of creating a platform for referencing, hosting and distributing the public meteorological data produced by Météo-France. Who are Data.gouv.fr users?Data.gouv.fr's user survey provides a snapshot of the current profile of the data.gouv.fr community:26% claim to have advanced data processing skills;38% consider themselves to have an intermediate level;25% identify themselves as novices;7% declare they have no skills at all.Concerning the use of the platform :60% of respondents visit data.gouv.fr to download and use data;30% to find information quickly (although data.gouv.fr is a platform for raw data, not information);10% to publish data or view activity on their datasets. Redesign of data.gouv.frIn response to the difficulties encountered by users in finding data when searching, the data.gouv.fr team has undertaken a complete overhaul of the search engine and the search experience in general.To facilitate data searches, we are working with data producers to compile as complete a list as possible of existing databases and datasets on certain key themes, such as housing, employment and health data. 1,062 local authorities committed to opening up public dataSince October 2018, all local authorities with more than 3,500 inhabitants (and 50 full-time equivalent employees) have been obliged to publish their data "by default". This obligation meets the objectives of transparency vis-à-vis citizens, efficient public action and economic development. Five years on, while 40% of local authorities are well aware of this obligation (which carries no penalties), less than 16% comply with it.However, this percentage is rising. By 2022, 168 new communities had joined the movement.According to the Observatoire open data des territoires, by 2022, 1,062 local authorities were publishing open data, representing an increase of 19% in one year for all local authorities: all regions, 92% of metropolises, 65% of towns with over 100,000 inhabitants and 64% of départements. But only 10% of communes and EPCIs with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants. 60% of the population lives in a municipality or EPCI committed to an open approach.59% of local authorities publish their data on a portal, and 36% on the Géoportail.In the most advanced local authorities, the nature of portals is gradually changing. The data download areas of the early days, sometimes arid and not very communicative, are giving way to real editorialized sites. Information and numerous "data visualizations" are organized for citizens (who still have the option of downloading the data). Spaces are reserved for developers or partners wishing to connect in real time to different data sources.43% of local authorities have opted for open licenses.The Observatoire open data des territoires provides detailed information on the governance of 171 territorial platforms (shared or dedicated), on the frequency with which published datasets are updated, and on delays in updating data. Portals and thematic platforms to discover and take advantage of open dataRecherche Data Gouv: a portal for research data. In July 2022, the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research inaugurated the Recherche Data Gouv portal , an ecosystem for sharing and opening up research data.Cartes.gouv.fr: the future public service for territorial maps and data. At Numérique en Commun[s] 2023, held in Bordeaux on October 19 and 20, IGN (Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière) announced the forthcoming launch of the cartes.gouv.fr website. Cartes.gouv.fr will initially contain freely accessible public maps and data on a wide range of themes (topography, ecology, safety, land tenure, regulations, etc.), and will also offer services that will be enhanced to enable everyone to create, host, contribute, share, visualize and publish data and maps independently. Cartes.gouv.fr is based on a new open, collaborative infrastructure, the Géoplateforme. The future public service for territorial maps and data.Ecosphère(s) to develop the ecological transition data ecosystem. The French Ministry for Ecological Transition will shortly be opening "Ecospheres", the platform for accessing data produced by the ministerial cluster and implemented by the Ecolab team, within the General Commissariat for Sustainable Development. Ecospheres is designed to respond to the findings of recent studies, which have shown how complex it is to search for data, due in particular to its multiplicity, duplication, numerous tools and lack of updating. Ecosphère(s) takes the form of a thematic data portal designed in the same spirit as transport.data.gouv.fr in the field of mobility. It draws on the infrastructure and tools of data.gouv.fr, enabling data to be sorted, extracted, previewed and quality assessed. The portal does not host the data directly, but "harvests" metadata from open environmental databases held by local authorities, government agencies and operators. It already lists over 27,000 data sets.Meteo.data to centralize weather and climate data. The meteo.data.gouv.fr platform centralizes weather and climate data that can be downloaded and used free of charge. It includes climatological data from stations in mainland France and overseas, as well as "climate memory" data, which show the effects of climate change that have already been observed. The platform will gradually be enriched with new data such as observation data measured by weather stations, weather alerts, radar data and numerical weather prediction (NWP) data models.Open Collectivités to simplify access to local information and statistics. Statistical information on local authorities is disseminated by numerous players in the institutional sphere. The dissemination of this information makes it difficult for users to see. The diversity of formats - HTML pages, PDF documents, databases - makes it difficult to read. To this end, statisticians from the Direction Générale des Collectivités Locales (DGCL) have developed a portal, Open Collectivité, which centralizes "studies, statistics and local tools useful for decision-making, research or public debate". The Open Collectivité portal is aimed at public officials from local authorities, official statistics departments and central administrations, as well as civil society: citizens, journalists and researchers.Data Emploi, a tool for deciphering the labor market in every region. Pôle emploi has launched the Data Emploi portal, which brings together all available, up-to-date labor market monitoring data for the whole of France, employment area by employment area. Using interactive maps, this tool presents a wide range of indicators on the labor market in a given area, such as the dynamics of employment in the region, the sectors that are recruiting the most, the number of jobseekers and the types of contracts signed. This information comes from the Pôle emploi database (which the operator aggregates on a daily basis, in constant liaison with local economic players), as well as from a number of external data sources (INSEE, DARES, etc.). How can open data be standardized?While the law imposes a principle of generalized openness, each government department and territory publishes data according to its skills, data holdings and practices."From one producer to another, the files do not necessarily contain the same fields or provide the same level of detail", observes Data Publica in a comprehensive dossier devoted to the standardization of open data. What's more, data is not named in the same way in all regions. In the case of cycleability, for example, you'll have to search alternately for "cycle facilities" or "cycle paths", and you'll rarely find the keyword "cycle" in dataset descriptions, even though the term comes up spontaneously in connection with the subject. Beyond differences in terminology between local authorities, there is a more general mismatch (avocabulary mismatch) between producers, who publish documents using their own vocabulary, and users, who formulate their needs using a different one.Since 2018, the OpenDataFrance association, which federates local authorities committed to an open data approach, has been developing the Socle Commun des Données Locales (SCDL) to standardize the open data publication of essential data produced by territorial players, helping producers improve the quality of the data they publish. Eight data sets, previously selected as priorities, have been standardized.The Socle Commun des Données Locales has given impetus to state administration with the June 2019 launch of schema.data.gouv.fr, which references French standards that have been adopted by regulation or designed by the community of data producers and reusers.Data schemas are used to describe data models: what are the different fields, how are the data represented, what are the possible values, etc.? Among other things, they can be used to validate that a dataset conforms to a schema, generate documentation automatically, generate example datasets or propose standardized input forms.A number of data schemas have been published in recent months, including the Base Adresse Locale (BAL), DATAtourisme, aid schemes, essential data on French public procurement contracts, and facilities (specification of the data model for a local authority's public community facilities), a data schema for the reparability index, a schema for describing infrastructure work projects, schemas for electric vehicle recharging infrastructures, for hiking routes, carpooling sites and digital mediation sites, etc... High-value data" that the public sector must make available for re-useOn December 21, 2022, the European Commission published a regulation detailing the implementation of Article 14 of Directive 2019/1024 on open data and the re-use of public sector information.The regulation lists six categories of "data (high-value dataset)" that public sector players will have to make freely available for re-use within 16 months: geospatial data, earth observation and environment, meteorology, statistics, business and business ownership, mobility.This regulation completes the legal framework for the dissemination of public information initiated in 2007 with the Inspire directive(Infrastructure for spatial Information in the European Community). Under this directive, Member States are obliged to disseminate environmental data and describe it using harmonized metadata.In 2023, the producers concerned worked to publish data that had not yet been opened, and to check compliance with the procedures set out in the annex to the implementing regulation.The full list of high-value data and tracking of openings will be available on ouverture.data.gouv.fr.

What's it all about?Proactive administration reverses the usual administrative logic: rather than waiting for the user at the counter, the administration can, on the basis of the information at its disposal, anticipate the user's needs, rights and obligations. In this way, the administration can remind users of upcoming deadlines, notify them of rights they may be entitled to and show them how to assert them, or even one day grant them their rights without waiting for their request.The notion ofproactive administration lies at the crossroads of three recurring themes in public policy:Simplification: proactive administration follows on from the "Tell us once" program, which avoids the need for citizens to provide information or supporting documents already held by administrations, by relying on automatic data sharing.No access to rights. Whereas it is usually up to people to submit an application, which must then be processed, here it is the administration that informs people of their potential eligibility for aid and benefits, without waiting for them to take any action.Going towards: spontaneous notification by the administration of eligibility for certain rights, or automated access to certain benefits, are also, as the Défenseur des droits observes, "part of what is known as 'going towards' : a keyword that is now an essential part of the policies implemented in the name of access to rights and public services, designed in particular as a response to the failures of dematerialization".Work on "proactive administration " has several facets: technical, with data exchanges between administrations and dedicated developments; legal, in particular to deal with consent; and operational, with a wide variety of systems:Proactive error detection ;No need to declare, as long as the administration has all the information;Detection by cross-referencing data of people eligible for certain rights and pre-filling of forms: revenu de solidarité active, prime d'activité, aide personnalisée au logement ;Automatic payment of assistance or benefits without any prior action: energy vouchers, back-to-school allowance, school grants.Among its 12 proposals for guaranteeing the "last mile" of public policies, the Conseil d'État recently recommended the widespread use of "tell us once ". A legal and technical foundation for proactive administrationThe "Tell us once" approach laid the technical and legal foundations for proactive administration. By doing away with the need to collect and analyze supporting documents from users, and by supplementing files with information retrieved "at source" from the administration of reference and therefore more reliable, the aim was to avoid citizens and businesses having to provide information or supporting documents already held by other administrations when applying online, by relying on the automatic sharing of data between administrations via APIs (programming interfaces).Implemented in 2014 for businesses, the "Tell us once" principle was extended to individuals in 2018 with the "Law for a State serving a society of trust". A decree in January 2019 defined the technical and organizational framework relating to information and data exchanges between administrations. The Digital Department (DINUM) then set up a "tell us once" counter with tools serving the circulation and exploitation of data: a single access point to the administration's APIs(Api.gouv.fr) and hubs for individual data(Particulier.api.gouv.fr), business data(Entreprise.api.gouv.fr ) and geographic data(Geo.api.gouv.fr).The "Tell us once" logic has entered a new phase with the law on differentiation, decentralization and deconcentration (known as the 3DS law) and two decrees published on May 11, 2023. Article 162 of this law further facilitates the exchange of information between administrations. Previously, each API had to be mentioned in a decree, submitted to the CNIL. From now on, openness is the rule. The first decree organizes data exchanges between administrations "when these are necessary to process declarations or requests submitted by the public, to inform people of their rights to a possible benefit or advantage, and to allocate said benefits or advantages where applicable". A second decree specifies the list of administrations that will have to share their data to enable the implementation of this proactive administration, as well as the nature of the information to be shared.A system governed by the CNILIn a deliberation dated October 6, 2022, the CNIL notes that data exchanges between administrations "help to simplify administrative formalities for users when their purpose is to exempt users, whether individuals or legal entities, from having to provide the same supporting documents several times". It notes that data collectedin this way " will not be used or reused for the purposes of 'detecting or punishing fraud'". Proactive administration in action: first achievementsAutomatic payment of energy chequesGeneralized in 2018 to replace the social energy tariffs, the energy voucher is a means-tested aid paid to pay energy bills, buy fuel and carry out certain energy-related work. The cheque is nominative, i.e. the name of the beneficiary is indicated on the cheque. The energy voucher is intended for people of modest means. Each year, the tax authorities draw up a list of beneficiaries based on the household's reference tax income (RFR) and household composition determined in consumption units (UC). The energy voucher is sent automatically by post to the last address given to the tax authorities.Proactive error detectionIn the summer of 2019, the Caisse Nationale d'Allocations Familiales (CNAF) launched a nationwide spontaneous regularization campaign, enabling Cafes to target certain beneficiaries and invite them to report, even belatedly, a marital situation or the receipt by a dependent child of a salary exceeding 55% of the SMIC. And all this without risking a financial penalty (whereas a conventional inspection would have resulted in a penalty for fraud). The scheme was first tested for several months in Paris, before being rolled out across the country. The French tax authorities are deploying similar measures to combat tax evasion. Thanks to the more reliable Nominative Social Declaration (DSN), Urssaf can more easily detect material errors made by employers, which could have an impact on their social security contributions, thanks to more efficient data cross-referencing. They can then correct them by notifying the employer if necessary.Around 2 million errors have been proactively detected since 2019, including 75,006 thanks to the automatic search for inconsistencies between data, identified by URSSAF, with an online tool to facilitate the calculation and collection of social security contributions from employers (déclaration sociale nominative).Automatic granting of complementary health insurance for RSA beneficiariesThe French Social Security Financing Act for 2022 has made it easier for many recipients of minimum social benefits to access complementary health insurance. As a result, since February 2022, new RSA beneficiaries have benefited from an automatic allocation of complementary health insurance. In concrete terms, people who submit their RSA application online via the dedicated teleservice are systematically offered complementary health insurance at the end of this process. Unless they object, they and members of their household will then be entitled to it, provided they meet the conditions for RSA eligibility.Automatic payment of inflation compensationThe inflation allowance is an exceptional, individual aid of €100 paid to 38 million people living in France, to preserve their purchasing power in the face of sharply rising energy costs. From December 2021, the €100 inflation allowance has been paid automatically to people earning less than €2,000 a month, without them having to apply for it.Automatic intermediation of alimony paymentsSince March 1, 2022, child support payments set by a judge have been paid automatically by the CAF or MSA. This new public alimony service was set up to prevent late payments and unpaid alimony, protect single-parent families in precarious situations and simplify the daily lives of separated parents. From January 2023, the system will be extended to all out-of-court separations, as soon as a child support payment is due.Secondary schools: automating the allocation of scholarships to familiesFor the start of the 2024 school year, once enrolment at collège and lycée has been completed, families will have no further steps to take, and no supporting documents to submit, in order to obtain and renew scholarships throughout their school career(7th Interministerial Committee for Public Transformation). Proactive administration and access rightsAs a result of the complexity of the social benefits system, non-use is a massive phenomenon with major social consequences.A number of recent studies on various social benefits show that non-use frequently exceeds 30% in France. This is the case for the RSA (34% non-use) and the minimum old-age pension (50% non-use for single people).Dematerialization complicates access to rightsNumerous studies point to dematerialization as one of the factors hindering access to rights.The Conseil national des politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté et l'exclusion (CNLE) refers to the sometimes "degraded" way in which administrations operate, with complex procedures, very few opportunities for physical contact, and increasing pressure to use online procedures.For theObservatoire de l'éthique publique (OEP), while " dematerialization is, in some respects, an additional guarantee of continuity of public service " (by making it possible to carry out procedures anywhere and at any time), it also brings with it, on the other hand, " an increase in the technical complexity of administrative procedures and technological dependence, likely to create new disruptions ".A study carried out in 2021 by Secours Catholique and Odenore found that " to access and maintain their rights, increasing demands are now being placed on recipients, who are being encouraged to demonstrate digital autonomy. They must have an e-mail account and know how to use it, keep logins and change passwords regularly, log in to update their file... So many 'implicit conditionalities' outside the law, which can cause difficulties and non-use for those who have not mastered digital skills"." Formerly perfectly independent when it came to dealing with administrative formalities, many recipients of social benefits are now confronted with social services that are only accessible online. A survey report commissioned by the Hauts-de-France Regional Department of Youth, Sports and Social Cohesion (DRJSCS) concludes that " the rate of non-use of social services is likely to increase for this precarious population, which is less equipped and less skilled in digital interaction than the rest of the population".A coordinating committee for access to rightsA Coordination Committee for Access to Rights was set up on January 30, 2023 by the Minister of Solidarity. Its mission will be to monitor the Territoires zéro non-recours (zero non-recourse territories) experiment, and then to build the vast reform of solidarity at source."Solidarité à la source ": a first step towards simplifying procedures from 2024 onwardsThe "solidarity at source " project will enable people to find out which benefits they are entitled to, regardless of which "social counter " they go to. This source reform will ultimately take place in two stages:The first, starting in the second half of 2024, will involve a massive simplification of the administrative formalities required to qualify for solidarity benefits: initially the RSA and the prime d'activité. The aim is to draw inspiration from the logic of the pre-filled tax return, to do away as far as possible with figures to search for and supporting documents to gather. RSA and prime d'activité application and renewal forms will be pre-filled with information declared by companies, and recipients will simply have to validate them. Thanks to the pooling of income data held by the various funds and administrations, data mining work can be carried out: people who are potentially eligible but not making use of the system can be identified, then contacted and invited to assert their rights.The second stage of "solidarity at source " involves rethinking the parameters of solidarity benefits, to harmonize their resource bases.The Conseil d'Etat, in its report on the "last mile " of public policy, recommends that there should be only two types of resource base:a first for all family and RSA benefits;a second for tax-based resources. Promises and risks of proactive administrationA symposium devoted to the non-use of social benefits, organized by the DREES research department of the French Ministry of Solidarity, explored the " side effects " of automated social benefits.A first difficulty lies in the ability of algorithms to integrate complex situations: it is precisely the most precarious people who often have the most complex administrative files, due to changes in their employment, housing or family situation. For these people, automation could generate a need for support. Another difficulty arises from the method of calculating the monthly resources system (DRM), which underpins the solidarity at source project. Daniel Agacinski, Délégué général à la médiation auprès de la Défenseure des droits, warns of the risk of a "black box" effect. black box " The difficulty is "not having the possibility of entering this DRM to change and rectify errors".In a chapter of its 2021 annual activity report, devoted to the " promises of proactive administration ", the Défenseure des droits notes, like the CNIL, that "the information (...) thus collected (...) may not subsequently be used for other purposes, in particular to detect and punish fraud".According to the Défenseure des droits, "the lasting effects of automating the calculation and payment of certain benefits are questionable. On the one hand, automation does not rule out malfunctions, as we have seen since the introduction of the energy voucher or the recalculation of housing benefit. On the other hand, we run the risk of further erasing public services, and losing their relational dimension, which is so fundamental to the role these services play in fostering social cohesion and the sense of legitimacy that each and every one of us can feel when claiming and asserting our rights". Next step: "Ten moments in lifeThe 7th Interministerial Committee for Public Transformation, meeting on May 9, 2023 at Matignon, decided to implement a new simplification method based on 10 "life moments": I' m becoming a student, I'm establishing my identity, I'm leaving-I'm living-I'm returning from abroad, I'm renovating my home, I'm losing a loved one, I'm becoming a parent, I'm voting, I'm getting involved in community life, I'm moving house, I'm retiring.For the year 2023, priority is given to five of these ten moments in life: I'm becoming a student, I'm establishing my identity, I'm leaving-I'm living-I'm returning from abroad, I'm renovating my home, I'm losing a loved one.