Search

The TEEN LAB project aims to reduce school drop-out rates and promote the professional integration and social reintegration of young people in difficulty, who are no longer part of the training system and are unable to enter the world of work on a permanent basis (known as NEETs, "Not in Education, Employment or Training").Funded by the European INTERREG ALCOTRA program, the Teen Lab project was designed and delivered in France by the training organization Les Compagnons de la Tech, in close cooperation with Chambéry's municipal FabLab.In 2022, 40 young people from Chambéry and 60 young Italians benefited from a 10-week training course focusing on digital skills and "doing it yourself" : "a course designed to give young people a positive dynamic, build a professional project and enable them to acquire a base of digital skills".A large majority of the young people from Chambéry enrolled in the Teen Lab training program were in a situation of social isolation: isolation resulting from academic failure, relocation (from abroad or from a French town), isolation without family, or following a traumatic collective experience. " The training - even for some of those who dropped out - enabled them to find a place to socialize".The final report points to the difficulty learners have in keeping up the pace throughout the course: " difficulty in organizing themselves around a multitude of tasks, which can lead to a feeling of being lost, no immediately visible results, giving the impression of not making any progress, difficulty in projecting themselves over a more or less long period of time".However, two-thirds of those enrolled completed the course. These were young people who "were very much digital consumers, but had no real digital skills, and who nevertheless did very well". The majority of learners who completed the course attended 80% or more of the training time. "This attendance is an apprenticeship to meet a prerequisite for taking up a profession: getting up and keeping to timetables". At the end of the program, 65% of trainees had gone on to further training, study or employment, or had a solid personal project to develop (15 trainees wished to resume their studies or training, and 10 had projects or wished to experiment in order to develop their project: internships, civic services, going to Canada, personal project, testing a sector of activity).

This issue of Terminal magazine, dedicated to the challenges of blockchains, coordinated by Primavera De Filippi, Chantal Enguehard, David Fayon, Anne Gagnebien and Geneviève Vidal, brings together analyses from several disciplines: sociology, law, political science, management science, information and communication science, art history and computer science.Dominique Desbois looks back at the genesis of a "cyberpunk utopia" and its hijacking by captains of the digital industry, often militant "libertarians". "While this anarcho-capitalist political orientation remains in the minority in the USA, it is strongly represented in certain business circles: according to a recent survey, 44% of Bitcoin holders would define themselves as libertarians".Philémon Poux, Primavera De Filippi and Bruno Deffains discuss certain practices in the blockchain world (notably those of Maximal Extractable Value-MEV) that take advantage of another user's efforts to identify a profitable transaction and capture its value. " These MEVs reduce trust in the network". While non-cooperative game theory is unable, according to the authors, to prevent unfair MEVs, " cooperative game theory, in the context of commons, can shed light on the situation, characterizing public blockchain networks as common pool resources".Computer science researcher Pablo Rauzy presents the technical and IT concepts behind blockchains, such as decentralization, distribution, immutability and consensus, as well as the technical operation of underlying cryptographic tools such as condensates, signatures, proof of work and proof of stake. Aspects such as the non-neutrality of blockchains inherited from libertarian ideology are also examined. Three use cases are discussed: cryptocurrencies, document certification and NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens).For sociologist Cécile Caron, "blockchains present themselves as trusted technologies, offering secure peer-to-peer exchanges without intermediaries. But they present risks for privacy and raise questions about regulatory compliance". The analysis of a use case shows the socio-technical compromises made by blockchain players, particularly in considering blockchain technology as a "privacy solution".Lawyer Sofia Roumentcheva, for her part, approaches blockchains as a collaborative innovation, presenting issues relating to the intellectual property of new innovation modalities. The traceability of contributions and the imbalance in the sharing of value are of particular interest to the author, who questions blockchains as a technical tool that complies with legal requirements.The second part of the dossier is organized around three blockchain use cases: bitcoin, cinema and music.Éric Arrivé, for his part, proposes an understanding of the bitcoin protocol "as a socio-technical hybrid ", going beyond the study of actors and interest groups. The expansion of the bitcoin protocol relies on the computing power offered by blockchains. The main result of this analysis is the modelling of the bitcoin protocol as a two-sided system, whose entanglement produces a spring that is characteristic of its expansion, not in terms of uses, but in terms of computing power. It is likely to be used in the future by a variety of disciplines to better assess the risks involved.Katia Andrea Morales Gaitan looks at innovations in business models linked to intellectual property management carried out with blockchain platforms in the film and audiovisual industry. She examines the precariousness and elitism of new filmmakers, as well as competition and changes in audience behavior that are now more akin to amateur production and remix culture than to the creation of original content.Régis Barondeau, Charlotte Blanche and Simon Delage examine how the music industry has embraced blockchain in a wide range of applications, from audience relations and rights management to new creative possibilities. Examining the specific case of the Quebec music industry, the authors discuss their findings in the light of the knowledge commons, with the support of a scenario for the creation of a distributed metadata registry self-governed by industry players.ContentsDominique Desbois: Blockchain: from cyberpunk utopia to environmental constraints. The need for regulationBlockchains: what are the legal, economic and energy issues?Primavera De Filippi, Chantal Enguehard, David Fayon, Anne Gagnebien, and Geneviève Vidal: Introduction: Some security, legal, economic, and energy issues of blockchains."Primavera De Filippi and David Fayon: Blockchains, new tools for economic, social and political transformation. State of the artPrimavera de Filippi, Bruno Deffains and Philémon Poux: "Maximal Extractable Value" or the Tragedy of Blockchains as Commons[.Pablo Rauzy: Promises and (dis)illusions. A technocritical introduction to blockchainsA technocritical introduction to blockchainsCécile Caron: Blockchain put to the test of privacy. Sociotechnical trade-offs between two models of trust in the design and experimentation of a mobility service.Sofia Roumentcheva. Uses of blockchain in collaborative innovation. Issues in intellectual property lawApplications and case studiesÉric Arrivé: Heads and tails. The two interlinked socio-technical configurations of the Bitcoin protocolKatia Andrea Morales Gaitán: Blockchain adoption in cinema. The missing link in the independent cinema value chain?Régis Barondeau, Charlotte Blanche and Simon Delage: Blockchains and the commons to the rescue of the cultural exception?

La bonne prise en compte de la dimension économique des communs, tant d’un point de vue de la pérennité de l’action de la communauté que de la soutenabilité de l’implication de ses membres, reste aujourd’hui encore complexe. Il s’agit, en effet, pour chacune et chacun, de concilier à la fois un lâcher-prise nécessaire à une appropriation communautaire et une valorisation adaptée aux objectifs spécifiques à chaque partenaire.Devant ce constat et dans la continuité du Canevas pour la gouvernance des communs numériques (présenté lors de NEC 2022 et mis en pratique depuis), inno³ et l'ANCT initient la conception d’un « Common Model Canvas ». Ce canevas est susceptible d’outiller efficacement les porteurs de communs sur une dimension économique. Le Business Model Canvas — ou matrice d’affaires — est une représentation de la façon dont une organisation développe son modèle d’affaires.Le « Canevas des modèles économiques pour les communs numériques » — pour le moment simplifié en « Commons Model Canvas » — vise à constituer une variante de cette matrice d’affaires. Nous cherchons à prendre en compte les spécificités des communs numériques, et intégrer les enjeux de la multiplicité des parties-prenantes, possiblement engagée dans le projet.Pour ce faire, nous allons nous appuyer sur l’expertise acquise dans l’accompagnement concret de projets de communs numériques en matière de modèle économique et modèle d’affaires. Les ressources produites dans le cadre du Laboratoire Société Numérique et les projets accompagnés dans le cadre du soutien apporté aux collectivités par l’incubateur des territoires seront autant de matière mobilisée dans ce cadre. L’objectif du « Commons Model Canva » est ainsi double.Il s’agit, d’une part, de concevoir une ressource outillante et directement activable par les porteurs de communs numériques, avec l’objectif de leur permettre d’identifier le modèle économique le plus adapté pour leur projet, et les moyens d’y parvenir ;Et, d’autre part, de faciliter la projection des partenaires au projet concernant leur modèle d’affaires lié, c’est-à-dire les possibilités qui leur sont offertes de développer des produits et/ou services à partir du commun. Afin de produire une ressource répondant au plus près aux besoins des porteuses et des porteurs de projets, une méthodologie en plusieurs temps a été pensée.État de l’art. Il s’agit ainsi de regrouper et de synthétiser les ressources interne et externe susceptibles d’alimenter le projet.Prototypage. Cela permettra la conception d’une première version du Canevas, sur la base de laquelle les retours de porteurs de projets seront recueillis.Itération. Afin d’adapter le prototype d’un tel canevas aux caractéristiques des communs et aux spécificités du système économique qu’ils embarquent, le recueil de contributions permettra d’effectuer une série de tests itératifs. Ainsi, si le projet du Commons Model Canva vous intéresse, vous interroge et que vous souhaitez participer aux groupes d’études qui produiront ces retours ou encore porter à notre attention tout projet susceptible de nous alimenter, vous pouvez nous écrire à commonsmodelcanvas@inno3.fr.

Six local experimentsIn 2022, the Banque des Territoires had launched a call for expressions of interest with the OpenDataFrance association, to facilitate the deployment of data use cases likely to provide concrete answers to the fight against climate change in the territories. The result is six local experiments:In Saint-Omer and Alès, the data has been used to improve tree management, with the deployment of a "strategic tree species planting tool" for the former and a "tree charter" for the latter.To combat urban heat islands (UHI), the Vitré municipality has been working on mitigating and adapting to the phenomenon. Over a two-year period, data was collected by two students, revealing a difference of 6 and 7 degrees, as well as a one-week difference in flowering between town and country.The city of Bayonne, for its part, had been working on the creation of a new service for citizens, the "trame fraîcheur", to collect data on their thermal sensations and comfort in summer.More focused on participatory sciences, Niort had listed its open data on its portal and worked on the development of an interactive cartography to make accessible and enhance data linked to the sustainable city on three themes: biodiversity, adaptation to climate change and risk prevention/management.The town of Fécamp, for its part, has deployed a communal biodiversity atlas (ABC), an approach already implemented in over 2,800 communes in France. This involves defining a survey perimeter and carrying out participatory and scientific inventories to record and map the flora and fauna of a given area. On this basis, the local authority then draws up a species protection plan.In its report on the six experiments it has supported, Banque des Territoires draws six lessons from this feedback. Broad governance essential for data & environmental transition projectsEnvironmental transition policies are many and varied, and involve multiple departments (green spaces, urban planning, housing, mobility, etc.). "During the six experiments, a new problem emerged: the working groups brought together numerous departments and external partners, sometimes specializing solely in data, sometimes in environmental transition, rarely both. While the creation of business/data pairs was already a delicate exercise (vocabulary, specific skills, roadmap, inter-departmental project coordination, political support), environmental transition projects bring together even more players". Partnership governance of these cross-functional projects is therefore a major challenge to be anticipated.Data sharing still too timidEnvironmental transition policies, which are cross-functional par excellence, imply that competencies and data use necessarily involve several administrative levels (commune, intercommunality, départements, regions and decentralized government departments). "In the absence of perfect collaboration between these levels, the data produced and reused by each of them must be easily accessible, preferably in open data or in open circles of trust. However, this is not yet the case everywhere. During this experiment, numerous obstacles were observed in connection with the lack of technical and human resources in communes in terms of GIS (absence of data inventory carried out upstream, difficulty in acquiring the right software, lack of in-house skills): thus, open data is not always a reflex, despite the legal obligation to open up data promoted by the Digital Republic law back in 2016."Skills still too compartmentalizedBusiness departments are often dependent on the technical data expertise of a specialized department (IT Services or GIS department). "With the exception of highly specialized business practices, departments systematically express the need to increase their skills in collecting, manipulating and exploiting data, whether internal or external. In this sense, data training for local and regional staff is essential today".Database formats still too heterogeneous"All the participants in the experiments commented on the complexity, and often irrelevance, of the gigantic masses of data coming from numerous players. Often conceived in a strictly "producers" approach and for closed circles of reusers, data is not easy to find. Not always freely accessible (access control or viewing without downloading). They are difficult to use due to a lack of interoperability (unsuitable or incompatible technical, temporal and spatial reference systems). Finally, they are not designed with future reuse in mind (complex technical interface, ill-suited to the real needs of local authorities). These principles for good re-use of public data, known as "FAIR", are not sufficiently taken into account by public data producers". With this in mind, the French Ministry for Ecological Transition will shortly be publishing the Ecosphères portal, which will offer improved access to the tens of thousands of data items it references.Prioritizing projects for the long termFaced with the growing complexity of regulations, the diversity of players and data sets and formats, it is more than ever necessary to have a common vocabulary of data and indicators. "In view of the multiplicity of environmental transition indicators, local authorities must now prioritize their objectives. This prioritization will be carried out according to the reality of their territory, the main aim being to achieve sustainable projects. The main challenge for the players in the six areas presented is to mobilize resources over the long term (skills, partners and budget). Strong political support is therefore essential. It's a question of focusing on the long term, by concentrating on a design phase (of an action or solution studied) that is sufficiently solid to integrate all the players concerned. To achieve this, we need to build alliances and coalitions of local players, drawing in particular on members of civil society.

"The closure of universities and educational institutions during the Covid-19 pandemic triggered a massive use of digital tools in teaching and learning. At the end of this period, teachers did not shelve these tools and computer skills. On the contrary, hybrid teaching (combining face-to-face and online activities), which had already been gaining momentum for several years, became even more firmly rooted in the university landscape".Margault Sacré, Doctor in Psychological and Educational Sciences at the University of Liège, talks to The Conversation about how digital tools can meet students' needs and support their success.Importance of formative feedback"Research has long shown the positive influence of formative feedback, i.e. feedback that aims to inform students of the level at which they are, rather than giving them a grade or ranking them," observes Margault Sacré. "These feedbacks can be given following exercises, assignments or activities carried out as part of the course, and digital tools make it possible to automate them".This approach enables students to become aware of the gaps that exist between their learning objectives and the current state of their knowledge, and guides them in the actions they need to take to close these gaps. "In this way, formative feedback reinforces self-regulation and enables students to manage their own learning. They can observe their progress through non-academic assessments, and research shows that this mechanism can promote a positive perception of their skills".Offering students this type of online activity also transforms their relationship with mistakes. "Students are less afraid of making mistakes when they do exercises online, because when they do make a mistake, it's easier for them to go back and do it again and again". Mobilizing students' intrinsic motivationDigital tools can also support the feeling of carrying out tasks by personal choice, rather than by constraint."Studies suggest that to meet this need for autonomy, it is necessary to mobilize students' intrinsic motivation, in particular by emphasizing the interest of the content taught, fostering a deep understanding of it and making explicit the links with professional practice." According to Margault Sacré, teachers could also consider :provide students with management tools - calendar, timetable, automated reminders - to give them an overview of the course and structure their learning;make essential resources available right from the start of the course - enabling them to work and progress at their own pace;enable students to record the traces of their learning - ePortfolios, ability to annotate documents, highlight them, add bookmarks...provide personalized learning plans based on students' prior learning - individualization or differentiation of learning.Extending exchanges outside the classroom"Interpersonal exchanges were sorely missed by students and teachers during the school closures caused by the pandemic, and digital interactions ultimately compensated very little for the lack of face-to-face interactions. When teachers gave their classes by videoconference, they "felt like they were speaking into a vacuum": most students turned off their cameras and microphones, uncomfortable with the idea of showing themselves in front of all the other students".In the context of hybrid teaching, digital tools can extend or even generate face-to-face interactions, especially when teachers are addressing large cohorts of students. "These activities can be facilitated by the use of various tools: collaborative spaces with shared documents, instant discussion channels enabling text, voice or video exchanges, and asynchronous discussion forums."Teachers are not necessarily trained in these tools, and they develop a low sense of self-efficacy about their use and about computing in general. In some cases, they don't even realize how useful they are. This feeling, coupled with sometimes disastrous experiences during the pandemic, only serves to weaken teachers' use of technology".Despite this, 60% of teachers (40% in Belgium, 45% in France) take part in professional training courses on the use of digital tools, which shows that, despite the obstacles, teachers are taking charge of their professional development in this area.

Generative artificial intelligences (AI) have been developing rapidly for several months now, whether in the field of text and conversation, via Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-3, BLOOM or Megatron NLG and the derived chatbots (ChatGPT or Bard), or in that of imaging (Dall-E, Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, etc.) or speech (Vall-E).These foundation models, and the technological building blocks based on them, already seem to be finding numerous applications in a wide variety of sectors." The understanding of how they work, their possibilities and limits, as well as the legal, ethical and technical issues surrounding their development and use are still largely up for debate."On May 16, 2023, the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) presented an action plan for the deployment of AI systems that respect individual privacy.Its action plan is based on 4 components:understand how AI systems work and their impact on people;enable and supervise the development of AI that respects privacy;federate and support innovative players in the AI ecosystem in France and Europe;audit and control AI systems and protect people. Understanding how AI systems work and their impact on peopleThe innovative techniques used to design and operate AI tools raise new questions about data protection, in particular:the fairness and transparency of the data processing underlying the operation of these tools;the protection of publicly accessible data on the Web against the use of data harvesting, or scraping, to design tools ;the protection of data transmitted by users when they use these tools, from their collection (via an interface) to their possible re-use, including their processing by machine learning algorithms;the consequences for people's rights to their data, both that collected for model learning and that which may be provided by these systems, such as content created in the case of generative AI ;protection against bias and discrimination;the unprecedented security challenges of these tools.Enabling and supervising the development of AI that respects personal dataIn order to support players in the field of artificial intelligence and to prepare for the entry into force of the European AI Regulation, CNIL will soon be putting out for consultation a guide to the rules applicable to the sharing and reuse of data.She will also continue her work on AI system design and the creation of databases for machine learning around the following themes:the use of the scientific research regime for the creation and re-use of training databases;the application of the principle of finality to general-purpose AIs and to foundation models such as large language models;clarification of the division of responsibilities between the entities that build the databases, those that create models from the data, and those that use the models;the rules and best practices applicable to the selection of data for training, with regard to the principles of data accuracy and minimization;management of personal rights, in particular the right of access, rectification and opposition;the rules applicable to retention periods, particularly for training databases and the most complex models to create.Federating and supporting innovative players in the AI ecosystem in France and EuropeThe CNIL's regulation of AI aims to help players emerge, promote and prosper within a framework that is faithful to the values of protecting fundamental French and European rights and freedoms." The CNIL wishes to engage in a nourished dialogue with French research teams, R&D centers and companies developing, or wishing to develop, AI systems with a view to compliance with personal data protection rules."Audit and control AI systems and protect peopleIn France, ChatGPT is the subject of at least three complaints lodged with the Cnil. These relate to data collection, but also to the many factual errors included in its responses.The CNIL has undertaken to develop a tool for auditing AI systems submitted to it, both a priori and a posteriori." The CNIL will be particularly attentive to ensure that actors processing personal data in order to develop, train or use artificial intelligence systems have:carried out a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) to document the risks and take steps to mitigate them;taken measures to inform people ;provided measures for exercising people's rights adapted to this particular context."

What's it all about?Proactive administration reverses the usual administrative logic: rather than waiting for the user at the counter, the administration can, on the basis of the information at its disposal, anticipate the user's needs, rights and obligations. In this way, the administration can remind users of upcoming deadlines, notify them of rights they may be entitled to and show them how to assert them, or even one day grant them their rights without waiting for their request.The notion ofproactive administration lies at the crossroads of three recurring themes in public policy:Simplification: proactive administration follows on from the "Tell us once" program, which avoids the need for citizens to provide information or supporting documents already held by administrations, by relying on automatic data sharing.No access to rights. Whereas it is usually up to people to submit an application, which must then be processed, here it is the administration that informs people of their potential eligibility for aid and benefits, without waiting for them to take any action.Going towards: spontaneous notification by the administration of eligibility for certain rights, or automated access to certain benefits, are also, as the Défenseur des droits observes, "part of what is known as 'going towards' : a keyword that is now an essential part of the policies implemented in the name of access to rights and public services, designed in particular as a response to the failures of dematerialization".Work on "proactive administration " has several facets: technical, with data exchanges between administrations and dedicated developments; legal, in particular to deal with consent; and operational, with a wide variety of systems:Proactive error detection ;No need to declare, as long as the administration has all the information;Detection by cross-referencing data of people eligible for certain rights and pre-filling of forms: revenu de solidarité active, prime d'activité, aide personnalisée au logement ;Automatic payment of assistance or benefits without any prior action: energy vouchers, back-to-school allowance, school grants.Among its 12 proposals for guaranteeing the "last mile" of public policies, the Conseil d'État recently recommended the widespread use of "tell us once ". A legal and technical foundation for proactive administrationThe "Tell us once" approach laid the technical and legal foundations for proactive administration. By doing away with the need to collect and analyze supporting documents from users, and by supplementing files with information retrieved "at source" from the administration of reference and therefore more reliable, the aim was to avoid citizens and businesses having to provide information or supporting documents already held by other administrations when applying online, by relying on the automatic sharing of data between administrations via APIs (programming interfaces).Implemented in 2014 for businesses, the "Tell us once" principle was extended to individuals in 2018 with the "Law for a State serving a society of trust". A decree in January 2019 defined the technical and organizational framework relating to information and data exchanges between administrations. The Digital Department (DINUM) then set up a "tell us once" counter with tools serving the circulation and exploitation of data: a single access point to the administration's APIs(Api.gouv.fr) and hubs for individual data(Particulier.api.gouv.fr), business data(Entreprise.api.gouv.fr ) and geographic data(Geo.api.gouv.fr).The "Tell us once" logic has entered a new phase with the law on differentiation, decentralization and deconcentration (known as the 3DS law) and two decrees published on May 11, 2023. Article 162 of this law further facilitates the exchange of information between administrations. Previously, each API had to be mentioned in a decree, submitted to the CNIL. From now on, openness is the rule. The first decree organizes data exchanges between administrations "when these are necessary to process declarations or requests submitted by the public, to inform people of their rights to a possible benefit or advantage, and to allocate said benefits or advantages where applicable". A second decree specifies the list of administrations that will have to share their data to enable the implementation of this proactive administration, as well as the nature of the information to be shared.A system governed by the CNILIn a deliberation dated October 6, 2022, the CNIL notes that data exchanges between administrations "help to simplify administrative formalities for users when their purpose is to exempt users, whether individuals or legal entities, from having to provide the same supporting documents several times". It notes that data collectedin this way " will not be used or reused for the purposes of 'detecting or punishing fraud'". Proactive administration in action: first achievementsAutomatic payment of energy chequesGeneralized in 2018 to replace the social energy tariffs, the energy voucher is a means-tested aid paid to pay energy bills, buy fuel and carry out certain energy-related work. The cheque is nominative, i.e. the name of the beneficiary is indicated on the cheque. The energy voucher is intended for people of modest means. Each year, the tax authorities draw up a list of beneficiaries based on the household's reference tax income (RFR) and household composition determined in consumption units (UC). The energy voucher is sent automatically by post to the last address given to the tax authorities.Proactive error detectionIn the summer of 2019, the Caisse Nationale d'Allocations Familiales (CNAF) launched a nationwide spontaneous regularization campaign, enabling Cafes to target certain beneficiaries and invite them to report, even belatedly, a marital situation or the receipt by a dependent child of a salary exceeding 55% of the SMIC. And all this without risking a financial penalty (whereas a conventional inspection would have resulted in a penalty for fraud). The scheme was first tested for several months in Paris, before being rolled out across the country. The French tax authorities are deploying similar measures to combat tax evasion. Thanks to the more reliable Nominative Social Declaration (DSN), Urssaf can more easily detect material errors made by employers, which could have an impact on their social security contributions, thanks to more efficient data cross-referencing. They can then correct them by notifying the employer if necessary.Around 2 million errors have been proactively detected since 2019, including 75,006 thanks to the automatic search for inconsistencies between data, identified by URSSAF, with an online tool to facilitate the calculation and collection of social security contributions from employers (déclaration sociale nominative).Automatic granting of complementary health insurance for RSA beneficiariesThe French Social Security Financing Act for 2022 has made it easier for many recipients of minimum social benefits to access complementary health insurance. As a result, since February 2022, new RSA beneficiaries have benefited from an automatic allocation of complementary health insurance. In concrete terms, people who submit their RSA application online via the dedicated teleservice are systematically offered complementary health insurance at the end of this process. Unless they object, they and members of their household will then be entitled to it, provided they meet the conditions for RSA eligibility.Automatic payment of inflation compensationThe inflation allowance is an exceptional, individual aid of €100 paid to 38 million people living in France, to preserve their purchasing power in the face of sharply rising energy costs. From December 2021, the €100 inflation allowance has been paid automatically to people earning less than €2,000 a month, without them having to apply for it.Automatic intermediation of alimony paymentsSince March 1, 2022, child support payments set by a judge have been paid automatically by the CAF or MSA. This new public alimony service was set up to prevent late payments and unpaid alimony, protect single-parent families in precarious situations and simplify the daily lives of separated parents. From January 2023, the system will be extended to all out-of-court separations, as soon as a child support payment is due.Secondary schools: automating the allocation of scholarships to familiesFor the start of the 2024 school year, once enrolment at collège and lycée has been completed, families will have no further steps to take, and no supporting documents to submit, in order to obtain and renew scholarships throughout their school career(7th Interministerial Committee for Public Transformation). Proactive administration and access rightsAs a result of the complexity of the social benefits system, non-use is a massive phenomenon with major social consequences.A number of recent studies on various social benefits show that non-use frequently exceeds 30% in France. This is the case for the RSA (34% non-use) and the minimum old-age pension (50% non-use for single people).Dematerialization complicates access to rightsNumerous studies point to dematerialization as one of the factors hindering access to rights.The Conseil national des politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté et l'exclusion (CNLE) refers to the sometimes "degraded" way in which administrations operate, with complex procedures, very few opportunities for physical contact, and increasing pressure to use online procedures.For theObservatoire de l'éthique publique (OEP), while " dematerialization is, in some respects, an additional guarantee of continuity of public service " (by making it possible to carry out procedures anywhere and at any time), it also brings with it, on the other hand, " an increase in the technical complexity of administrative procedures and technological dependence, likely to create new disruptions ".A study carried out in 2021 by Secours Catholique and Odenore found that " to access and maintain their rights, increasing demands are now being placed on recipients, who are being encouraged to demonstrate digital autonomy. They must have an e-mail account and know how to use it, keep logins and change passwords regularly, log in to update their file... So many 'implicit conditionalities' outside the law, which can cause difficulties and non-use for those who have not mastered digital skills"." Formerly perfectly independent when it came to dealing with administrative formalities, many recipients of social benefits are now confronted with social services that are only accessible online. A survey report commissioned by the Hauts-de-France Regional Department of Youth, Sports and Social Cohesion (DRJSCS) concludes that " the rate of non-use of social services is likely to increase for this precarious population, which is less equipped and less skilled in digital interaction than the rest of the population".A coordinating committee for access to rightsA Coordination Committee for Access to Rights was set up on January 30, 2023 by the Minister of Solidarity. Its mission will be to monitor the Territoires zéro non-recours (zero non-recourse territories) experiment, and then to build the vast reform of solidarity at source."Solidarité à la source ": a first step towards simplifying procedures from 2024 onwardsThe "solidarity at source " project will enable people to find out which benefits they are entitled to, regardless of which "social counter " they go to. This source reform will ultimately take place in two stages:The first, starting in the second half of 2024, will involve a massive simplification of the administrative formalities required to qualify for solidarity benefits: initially the RSA and the prime d'activité. The aim is to draw inspiration from the logic of the pre-filled tax return, to do away as far as possible with figures to search for and supporting documents to gather. RSA and prime d'activité application and renewal forms will be pre-filled with information declared by companies, and recipients will simply have to validate them. Thanks to the pooling of income data held by the various funds and administrations, data mining work can be carried out: people who are potentially eligible but not making use of the system can be identified, then contacted and invited to assert their rights.The second stage of "solidarity at source " involves rethinking the parameters of solidarity benefits, to harmonize their resource bases.The Conseil d'Etat, in its report on the "last mile " of public policy, recommends that there should be only two types of resource base:a first for all family and RSA benefits;a second for tax-based resources. Promises and risks of proactive administrationA symposium devoted to the non-use of social benefits, organized by the DREES research department of the French Ministry of Solidarity, explored the " side effects " of automated social benefits.A first difficulty lies in the ability of algorithms to integrate complex situations: it is precisely the most precarious people who often have the most complex administrative files, due to changes in their employment, housing or family situation. For these people, automation could generate a need for support. Another difficulty arises from the method of calculating the monthly resources system (DRM), which underpins the solidarity at source project. Daniel Agacinski, Délégué général à la médiation auprès de la Défenseure des droits, warns of the risk of a "black box" effect. black box " The difficulty is "not having the possibility of entering this DRM to change and rectify errors".In a chapter of its 2021 annual activity report, devoted to the " promises of proactive administration ", the Défenseure des droits notes, like the CNIL, that "the information (...) thus collected (...) may not subsequently be used for other purposes, in particular to detect and punish fraud".According to the Défenseure des droits, "the lasting effects of automating the calculation and payment of certain benefits are questionable. On the one hand, automation does not rule out malfunctions, as we have seen since the introduction of the energy voucher or the recalculation of housing benefit. On the other hand, we run the risk of further erasing public services, and losing their relational dimension, which is so fundamental to the role these services play in fostering social cohesion and the sense of legitimacy that each and every one of us can feel when claiming and asserting our rights". Next step: "Ten moments in lifeThe 7th Interministerial Committee for Public Transformation, meeting on May 9, 2023 at Matignon, decided to implement a new simplification method based on 10 "life moments": I' m becoming a student, I'm establishing my identity, I'm leaving-I'm living-I'm returning from abroad, I'm renovating my home, I'm losing a loved one, I'm becoming a parent, I'm voting, I'm getting involved in community life, I'm moving house, I'm retiring.For the year 2023, priority is given to five of these ten moments in life: I'm becoming a student, I'm establishing my identity, I'm leaving-I'm living-I'm returning from abroad, I'm renovating my home, I'm losing a loved one.

As every year, the back-to-school circular from the French Minister of Education describes the priorities and new features that will come into effect from September onwards: reinforcement of media and information education, which will include " knowledge of rights and duties in the digital space and of the risks linked in particular to the use of social networks ", and "development of digital skills (...) with the roll-out of "Pix sixième" to all collèges".In addition, 2023 will see the implementation of the Digital Strategy for Education 2023-2027, published last January. This strategy has since been translated into a technical doctrine, based on a platform approach.With a view to reinforcing teacher training, a specific Pix, called " Pix+ Édu ", has been tested in a number of regions to prepare for the future introduction of digital skills certification for teachers.Faced with the challenges of digital education, the French Ministry of Education plans to extend the digital awareness certificate ("Pix 6e") for 6th graders throughout France.With the advent of portable devices, high-speed Internet access and e-learning platforms, the question arises as to the future of computer rooms. Educational communities and local authorities (responsible for the digital equipment of schools) are faced with a number of challenges: the high cost and maintenance of computer rooms, limited mobility for students and teachers, changes in learning methods, the integration of technology into ordinary classrooms... Digital strategy for education 2023-2027In January 2023, the French Ministry of Education released a digital strategy for education 2023-2027. The ambition of this document is to define the strategic vision of digital for education in France, for the period 2023-2027 "It aims to get the players to agree on a common vision, on unprecedented transformations, which will be to lead and succeed together."In particular, the authors of the strategy note that "unequal access to digital technology " This can create difficulties for people who are digitally excluded or who have great difficulty accessing it. "This can create difficulties for people who are digitally excluded or who have great difficulty accessing it. (...) These difficulties of access to digital technology create inequalities in learning and place the issues of digital inclusion and equal access to the public digital education service at the forefront".They also point to " a degraded user experience ". " Teachers, students, families or all education staff report difficulties in using the digital tools offered by the education ecosystem: complex and heterogeneous interfaces, unattractive, sometimes far removed from standards, unequally accessible and hardly adapted to mobility, lack of portability, data requiring multiple re-entries, connection breaks between tools, insufficient performance (...) These obstacles are all the more difficult for users to overcome as they are offered a significant proliferation of digital tools and resources without their uses being clarified, nor their access facilitated".The Digital Education Strategy for 2023-2027 aims to address several challenges:Strengthen national and local cooperation between education players, around pedagogical projects mobilizing digital technology where relevant;Developing students' digital skills;Provide teachers with a clear offer, combining digital tools and resources to put digital technology at the service of student success;Develop the robustness, security, accessibility, quality and eco-responsibility of the Ministry's IT tools, to simplify the work of its employees and thus enhance the quality of the service provided. A 4-pronged strategyThe strategy is based on 4 axes, each with several key actions.An ecosystem committed to a shared public policy:Strengthen governance of digital education at national and local levels ;Share indicators for steering and evaluation purposes ;Define typical individual student equipment (middle and high school);Digital education that develops citizenship and digital skills;Ensure the acquisition of digital skills throughout the school career ;Enable students to become informed citizens in the digital age.An educational community supported by a reasoned, sustainable and inclusive digital offering:Supporting the development of digital commons;Simplify access to digital services by creating a "resource account";Putting digital technology at the service of inclusive schools;Better training for educational teams in digital teaching methods.Supporting teachers in digital education:Organize digital educational services around an interoperable platform ;Mobilizing data for the school.New rules for a ministerial information system at the service of its usersAccelerating digital transformation;Increase efficiency by expanding and supporting pooling;Improve fluidity and quality by integrating the principles of agility and user experience;Developing eco-responsibility.To achieve all these objectives, the Ministry of Education intends to renew its partnership with local authorities, which "provide material resources such as infrastructure and terminals, install and maintain them, and increasingly finance teaching resources ". This partnership will have to " take account of technological developments, notably the omnipresence of cloud-hosted solutions, hardware (smartphones, tablets, laptops, interactive and immersive media), and the emergence of ENTs (digital workspaces). We also need to understand the "out-of-school" dimension of digital education. This new partnership needs to be forged at different levels - academies and regions, academic departments and départements, inter-municipalities, basins and communes". Supporting the development of digital commonsThe digital strategy devotes a chapter to the "digital commons". By this it means "a set of digital resources produced and managed by a community. By their very nature, they are shared and collective". It mentions several tools available to teachers:The apps education.fr service platform, which provides collaboration and communication tools such as " virtual classrooms " and video-agents, as well as file-sharing and video-publishing tools hosted on French infrastructures.The Éléa platform, based on open-source Moodle software, which enables teachers to create and share open educational resources and scripted digital learning paths for their students.The "Magistère" platform, which provides teachers and all Ministry staff with a wide catalog of online training resources."This first version of the national offering will be enhanced according to a roadmap agreed with all players, local authorities and EdTech companies."Teachers, particularly at NSI or SNT, are waiting for a "forge" that would enable them to collaborate with peers and share computer code. The Ministry has announced the availability of a forge that is technologically sovereign and shared nationwide. A technical doctrine for digital educationFollowing on from the strategy, in May 2023 the French Ministry of Education published a " technical doctrine for digital education ", "to establish a framework of common architecture and rules, aimed at providing users with a legible and structured set of simply accessible and interoperable educational digital services".Towards an open, interoperable ecosystemThis technical doctrine takes into account the accelerated growth in the use of digital educational services in the 1st and 2nd degrees since 2020. "More and more are being used, not only for administrative purposes and to keep track of schooling, but also for pedagogical activities and to implement educational missions. The logical corollary is a consequent increase in the use of services, which requires both perfect control of data and an open, interoperable ecosystem".A platform logicThe idea is for the State to guarantee " every player in education equal access to and simple use of digital services in a secure, open and interoperable ecosystem, for the purposes of implementing learning within the framework of the programs and skills repositories of the Ministry of National Education ". To this end, "digital education must be developed according to a platform logic, in the sense of a set of players respecting an architecture framework and common rules and standards, to provide users with a legible and structured set of services that are easily accessible and interoperable (...).) The public education service thus gains in agility, enabling users and companies in the digital education industry to benefit from innovative services, but also in sovereignty, by excluding any solution that does not respect the rules laid down, particularly in terms of ethics and data protection".Lastly, the technical doctrine refers to three standards currently being drawn up, dedicated to interoperability, security and digital responsibility requirements, which are intended to be enforceable by law". Pix+ Édu: towards certification of teachers' digital skillsAlmost all education staff use digital technology to prepare their lessons ( Profetic 2018 survey).Only 16% of primary school teachers and 29% of secondary school teachers feel well or very well prepared for its use in their initial training(Cnesco 2021 study).With a view to strengthening teacher training, a specific Pix, called " Pix+ Édu ", has been tested in a few territories to prepare for the future introduction of the Pix+ EDU certification of teachers' digital skills.This self-assessment course enables teachers to take stock of their level of mastery of digital skills for teaching, and to access online training resources.Pix+ Édu covers transversal and professional digital skills, differentiated for 1st and 2nd grade. It takes the form of questions, with recommended tutorials. A digital awareness certificate starting in 6th gradeFaced with the challenges of digital education and, in particular, to raise awareness of the fight against cyberbullying, hate speech and illicit online content, the French Ministry of Education plans to extend the digital awareness certificate to all 6th graders.Nearly 110 volunteer middle schools experimented with it during the 2022-23 school year.In 2023-2024, " Pix 6e " will be extended to all middle schools.Pix 6ème gives rise to a certificate guaranteeing that pupils have benefited from this awareness-raising program. It includes a specific "protection and safety" pathway, which targets 4 skills:securing the digital environment ;protect personal data and privacy ;protecting health, well-being and the environment;prevent cyberbullying.Since the 2021-2022 school year, Pix has been generalized from the 5th grade onwards, with compulsory digital skills certification for students in 3e at collège and Terminale at lycée général, technologique et professionnel.

Nearly 5.5 million people live in the 1,514 priority urban neighborhoods (quartiers prioritaires de la politique de la ville - QPV) in mainland France and its overseas territories.In quick succession, several studies and surveys have been carried out to identify the digital practices of residents in these neighbourhoods:In its sixth reportthe Observatoire national des politiques de la ville (ONPV) takes stock of the vulnerabilities and resources of priority neighborhoods: it devotes a detailed chapter of the report to the digital practices of residents in priority neighborhoods, drawing on the Capuni survey conducted in 2019 of 7,500 people.Cahiers du développement social urbain devotes a special issue to dossier (over twenty contributions) to the digital practices of residents in priority neighborhoods, particularly in terms of access to employment and training.In this article, Richard Nordier reports on a survey carried out for the Metropole de Lyon on how these people use the Internet when looking for a job, an internship or training. He points to "practical" difficulties (having a computer, knowing how to use a keyboard with ease, etc.) but also "psychosocial difficulties: being afraid of doing something wrong or making a mistake, underestimating or overestimating one's real abilities, being demotivated after receiving numerous rejections or no response".Of a completely different nature is the Data & Quartiers" program " program, which aimed to build a bridge "between two universes that didn't know each other: that of urban policy and that of data". With the support of the Agence Nationale de la Cohésion des Territoires (ANCT), the Data & Quartiers" program " program has experimented with new tools and new uses for data that are more frequently deployed in inner-city areas as part of "smart city" projects.Compas, a consultancy specializing in the social observation of territories, has undertaken to evaluate the proportion of platform workers living in a priority district: According to this studyAccording to this study, 24% of delivery drivers working in France live in a disadvantaged neighborhood. Similarly, nearly one in five (19%) of the 52,700 VTC drivers in operation at the time live in a disadvantaged neighborhood. The proportion of drivers living in a priority district is four times higher than that of all workers.As part of the 5th edition of Numérique en Commun[s], held on September 28, 2022 in Lens (Pas de Calais), a contributory workshop examined digital inclusion issues specific to priority neighborhoods. For its participants, " digital must permeate all city contracts, as a transversal pillar and not as a specific axis. While this choice runs the risk of dilution, it creates shared requirements for allcity contract stakeholders, and a genuine common culture ".This dossier looks in more detail at these studies and surveys, to give an overview of the subject. What digital practices do residents of priority urban districts use?In 2019, 87% of QPV residents aged 18 to 59 in mainland France were equipped with a smartphone (compared with 91% of residents in mainland France), 75% with a home computer (compared with 89%) and 48% with a tablet (compared with 54%).In its sixth report, the Observatoire national des politiques de la ville (ONPV) sixth reportprovides a summary of various studies and surveys on the theme of vulnerabilities and resources in QPVs.The ONPV devotes a detailed chapter of the report to the digital practices of residents in priority neighborhoods.It is based on the Capuni survey conducted in 2019 of 7,500 people.Researchers from the M@rsouin Scientific Interest Group have compared the responses of residents of disadvantaged urban neighborhoods with those of residents of surrounding urban units (usually metropolises and urban communities) and those of the general population.Read more. Job hunting in the working-class neighborhoods of the Lyon metropolitan area: dematerialization, but at what cost?Richard Nordier reports, in Cahiers du Développement Social, on a survey carried out for the Metropole of Lyon on the uses made of the Internet by people living in priority urban districts when looking for a job, an internship or training.In terms of digital autonomy, young people clearly stand out from other groups. "They suffer more from difficulties specific to the job market than from problems with computers. The other groups are much less at ease with the Internet, and even less autonomous with digital tools".Online applications are relatively common among young people, employees on integration schemes and long-term RSA recipients. Women show a clear preference for sending applications by post. In all cases, hand-delivered applications are frequently preferred for a variety of reasons: to find out directly where a company is located, to ensure that your application has been received, to demonstrate your motivation, to clear up any misunderstandings... Using e-mail is also often problematic, as is using search engines. Many people find it difficult to remember their login details or to formulate key words.More broadly, concludes the author, the difficulties encountered by audiences are of two kinds:Practical": having a computer, knowing how to use a keyboard, searching for information on the Internet without getting lost, downloading and sending your CV, finding job offers that match your project... ;psychosocial: being afraid of doing something wrong or making a mistake, underestimating or overestimating one's real abilities, being demotivated after receiving numerous rejections or no response"...All our customers consider that they can get help if they need it: children (especially if they're at school and have a computer), spouses, neighbors or members of the same community are frequently cited first."Although useful, they don't always provide an effective response to the problems encountered. Support professionals are another important source of help: social workers, Pôle emploi or local mission advisors, digital trainers or specialized associations. In many cases, these two channels are mobilized in parallel, and are extremely useful in removing obstacles". Data & Neighborhoods: When big data serves neighborhoodsFor 3 years, the RésO Villes association set out to build a bridge "between two universes that didn't know each other: that of urban policy and that of data".With the support of the Agence Nationale de la Cohésion des Territoires (ANCT) and the experts at CIVITEO, the Data & Quartiers" program " program has been experimenting with new tools and new uses for data that are more frequently deployed in central districts as part of "smart city" projects.The main objectives of the program were to▪ Using "datascience" tools to benefit priority neighborhoods;▪ Improving knowledge and observation of neighborhoods thanks to data ;▪ Understand and explain these new tools, these new data, these new uses ;▪ Document the methodology to encourage duplication of experiments.The projects carried out on the themes of employment, health and mobility, with the support of private and public partners, have enabled us to consolidate a methodology and acquire certain convictions about the role of data in urban policy.Read more. Digital technology and employment in priority urban districts: when inequalities intersectCahiers du développement social urbain devotes a special issue to dossier (more than twenty contributions) to the digital practices of residents in priority neighborhoods, particularly in terms of access to employment and training.The first part of the dossier documents the situation of inhabitants of priority neighborhoods when it comes to digital inequalities.The second part offers insights into how public policies are tackling the issue of digital transition, particularly in the field of professional integration. "The aim is to show what responses have been put in place, from the national to the local level, to help local residents make the digital transition to employment.The third part looks at the employment opportunities offered by digital technology: "Can digital technology be a support, a response, not only to facilitate access to employment, but also to create jobs?Read more VTC drivers and delivery drivers over-represented in working-class neighborhoodsAccording to Compas, a consultancy specializing in the social observation of territories, the proportion of platform workers living in working-class neighborhoods is higher than that of other workers.On January 1, 2022, of the 179,200 delivery drivers operating in France, one in four (24%) lived in a priority urban district (QPV)3. Similarly, of the 52,700 VTC drivers in operation on that date, almost one in five (19%) live in a QPV. The proportion of drivers living in a priority district is four times higher than that of the workforce as a whole.Generally speaking, observes study author Hugo Botton, "it's in the neighborhoods most marked by economic fragility (poverty, inactivity, unemployment, part-time work) that there are the most delivery workers. Thus, the neighborhoods with the highest proportion of delivery workers are those which, in order, have a high proportion of immigrants, a high poverty rate, a low proportion of households with a car, are located in an EPCI (metropolis or intercommunality) characterized by a high presence of managers and many young people (18-24 and 25-39)".Similarly, the neighborhoods with the most drivers among workers are located in a densely populated EPCI with a high proportion of managers, a high proportion of immigrants, a high proportion of car-owning households and a high poverty rate.This over-representation of platform workers in working-class neighborhoods underlines the role these neighborhoods play in the local economy, concludes the author of the study. " Working-class neighborhoods are not all inactive or unemployed, as some caricatured views would have us believe. In fact, in 2020, 40% of people employed in QPVs were in occupations on the "front line of Covid-19". NEC: What role will digital mediation play in working-class neighborhoods after 2023?As part of the 5th edition of Numérique en Commun[s], held on September 28, 2022 in Lens (Pas de Calais), a workshop examined digital inclusion issues specific to priority neighborhoods.For the participants in this workshop, while digital inclusion and mediation actions are de facto present in a large number of city contracts, and while "ordinary law" public policies have been deployed (national strategy for inclusive digital, 150 "Fabriques de territoires" in QPVs, France service digital advisors...), institutional consideration of digital inclusion is still weak: it "is not yet contractually present in the city contract, and has neither objectives nor a suitable nomenclature"."Urban policy often calls for thematic approaches. If digital inclusion is to be conceived as a cross-cutting public policy, some of the challenges of urban policy call for specific responses that involve mobilizing the know-how of digital mediation players to complement the action of players already present".For the working group, "digital technology must permeate all city contracts, as a cross-cutting pillar and not as a specific axis. While this choice runs the risk of dilution, it creates shared requirements for all city contract stakeholders, and a genuine common culture that is necessary in a context where digital technology has become a total social fact".In addition, the working group "demands that digital technology be perceived as a resource (capable of empowering players) and not just as a problem (that of digital inequalities)".Enfin, " it calls for this pillar to benefit from a specific diagnosis and ongoing monitoring, both by project leaders and by city contract steering committees".