Connected objects are rapidly becoming part of all areas of daily life in the form of dynamic and interactive ecosystems. " The social, ethical, political and economic issues raised by these new objects are still not sufficiently addressed ," observes Béa Arruabarrena, Senior Lecturer at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, in the introduction to this tic&society magazine's dossier which she coordinated.
Questions of acceptability in particular, "because they can be felt as intrusive in everyday life and result in abandonment, the reasons for which are still very little studied (...) On the socio-technical level, the issues concern protocols, standards for interoperability, metrological norms and the transparency of algorithms, in particular for connected objects intended for the general public, which also refer to security questions linked to the protection of data and private life".
"The issues of the permanent human-machine coupling between the physical body and digital devices that intensify the relationships to objects between individuals, including the reflexive relationships to oneself that are to be questioned. This issue is all the more important as the current evolution of the Internet of Things, which is converging towards an "Internet of Behavior" whose artificial intelligence endows connected objects with computational logic, induces an unprecedented coupling of society to these new infrastructures.The objective of this report is precisely to consider the challenges that connected objects represent for society.
Béa Arruabarrena begins this issue with a summary of the main issues raised by connected objects, particularly with regard to their convergence with artificial intelligence and megadata towards an "Internet of Behavior". Based on a state of the art on the subject, it points out "the primacy of the socio-technical issues arising from computer science, medicine and marketing, which present these new digital objects as promises of innovation in a growing number of areas, including health, well-being, transport, housing (smart buildings), cities (smart cities), energy (smart grids), ecology and sport " . A number of contributions from the humanities and social sciences question, however, "the connected technologies in terms of the dataification of the world they imply and the impacts they have on social relations .Cédric Calvignac proposes, based on a documentary work on 614 patent applications dedicated to the measurement and management of sleep (or quantified sleep) filed with the U.S. Patent Office, an analysis of the transformations that these inventions induce in terms of redistribution of individual and collective responsibilities between designers, users and health professionals.Bastien Soulé, for his part, is interested in the business models underlying the pioneering Fitbit and Strava sports and physical activity devices, " whose promise gives the impression that the user is the main beneficiary, whereas they respond directly to the strategic interests of the publishers of these applications to optimize the sale of wearables, the downloading of applications and the collection of activity data ". He shows that these GAFAM-inspired business models "describe a co-creation of subjugated value where users, under the guise of a quasi-gratuity of the applications and the realization of a playful and entertaining activity, "work" by creating value for free, which engages them in a new form of enslavement: the playbor, a concept formed from the contraction of the terms play (game) and labor (work).Annabelle Boutet-Diéye and Aurélie Seznec highlight the importance of the role of the social imagination in the acceptability of connected tattoos. " If the world of tattoos and the world of connected tattoos are hermetic, the functions of digital and traditional tattoos are intertwined on all levels, aesthetic, therapeutic and sociability, which must be taken into account for a true adhesion to this type of innovation.Yann Bruna looks at the uses and challenges of geolocation in the context of parental surveillance, "deeply affected, in particular by the collection of children's geographical position". He shows the social consequences of the use of geolocation of young people within the family circle, in particular in the testing of the relationship of trust between parents seeking security and young people whose spatial tracking becomes revealing of truth.Marie-Julie Catoir-Brisson, Elisa Wrembel and Pierre-Michel Riccio raise the issue of codeign approaches in the design of connected devices in the field of health, which are not adapted to users, especially consumer connected objects such as Fitbit or Apple Watch. They suggest to better take into account stakeholders, and in particular to let users appropriate the proposed functions "in a way that makes sense by being aware of the knowledge they have, in order to improve their understanding of the tools".Hélène Germain and Natalia Del Campo draw lessons from a research in codesign: the international research project of development of connected objects (iCARE-PD) for the support of people with Parkinson's disease. They point out the gaps between the initial ambitions and the concrete implementation.Gwenaëlle Donadieu provides a legal perspective on the protection of privacy in the face of the rise of connected objects and on the implementation of the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Although the European legislator has put in place mechanisms to guarantee data security, " these are sometimes insufficient and can be diverted from their initial purpose, in particular because of the strategies deployed by GAFAMs, which use the cognitive biases put forward by behavioral economics researchers to encourage consumers to consent to the collection of personal data .Contents
- Béa Arruabarrena: Connected objects: technological issues, social issues
- Béa Arruabarrena : Connected objects : thinking about the stakes of connected technologies from the point of view of infocommunication mediation
- Cédric Calvignac: The design of self-monitoring sleep devices: A socio-technical redistribution of individual and collective responsibilities
- Bastien Soulé: Promoting mobile applications for sport and physical activity: promises of empowerment tinged with strategic issues
- Annabelle Boutet-Diéye and Aurélie Seznec: The representations of connected tattoos: issues of acceptability and relationship to the imaginary
- Yann Bruna: Uses and issues of geolocation in the context of parental surveillance
- Marie-Julie Catoir-Brisson, Elisa Wrembel and Pierre-Michel Riccio: For a new approach to the design of devices for monitoring chronic diseases
- Hélène Germain and Natalia Del Campo: Reconsideration of a research in codesign: negotiations, tensions, uncertainties and questioning
- Gwenaëlle Donadieu : The RGPD and the protection of privacy in the face of the rise of connected objects
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